Pharm week 9-antibacterials

All antimicrobial drugs affect 1 or more of the ____ MOA

5

Antimicrobial drugs most

Achieve the minimum effective concentration (MEC)

Sensitive bacteria are

able to be killed by antibiotics

Resistant bacteria are

not able to be killed

Types of antibiotic resistance

Inherent (natural) & Acquired (After exposure)

The 3 causes of antibiotic resistance

1.Miuse/overdose

2. Incomplete treatment

3. HIAs (Health-associated infections)

Major resistant pathogens

MRSA, VREF/VRSA

3 Preventions for antibiotic resistance

1. Pt education

2. Correct use

3. C & S (culture and sensitivity) testing

Antibacterial general AR

Mild allergic reaction, severe allergy, superinfection, and organ toxicity.

Signs of mild allergic reaction to Antibacterials

rash, pruritus, and hives

Signs of severe allergy to Antibacterials

Anaphylactic shock: bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, cardiac arrest, SOB)

Time frame of occurrence of severe allergy signs

within 20 minutes

Treatments for severe allergy to Antibacterials

Antihistamine, Epinephrine, and bronchodilator

Suprainfection defn. from antibacterial reactions

Normal flora killed in the mouth, skin, resp. tract, vagina, and intestines

Suprainfection occurs when antibacterials are used more than

1 week

Common SE of antibacterials

GI DISTURBANCES (N/V/D)

Cephalosporins are

similar to penicillins and interfere with alcohol, cepha-

Macrolides are

+ & - antibiotics, not IM, for pt allergic to PCN.

What is the last resort drug used for severe infections

Glycopeptides- Vancomycin

What drug can cause extravasation with IV

Glycopeptides- Vancomycin

For what drug do we monitor peak and trough levels

Aminoglycosides- Gentamicin

Peak levels of Aminoglycosides- Gentamicin

45-60 minutes after admin, 5-8 mcg/mL

Trough levels of Aminoglycosides- Gentamicin

minutes before next dose, <1-2 mcg/mL

IV must be administered over 60-90 min for ____

Levofloxacin and Vancomycin

Drug that, if taken with NSAIDs, increases the risk of seizures, theophylline (bronchodilator) effects, caffeine, and hyperglycemia.

Levofloxacin

Treatment for this bacterial infection requires the use of at least two medications

tuberculosis

How long is the initial phase for TB treatment

2 months (elimination of the active form, so it is not infectious).

Daily therapy for TB (RIPE)

Combination of 2-3 drugs:

R (rifampin)*

I (isoniazid) INH*

P (pyrazimide)

E (ethambutol)

How long is the continuous phase for TB treatment

4-7 months

Treatment for resistance to isoniazid and rifampin

three drugs for 1-2 yrs

____Infection is a risk factor for developing TB, but still treated with RIPE

HIV

For peds with latent TB

Preventive treatment should be initiated, INH or INH + rifampin