B8 MCB Presentation Q's

Group 1: Based on “Descriptive Statistics and Genome-WIde Copy Number Analysis of Milk

Production Traits of Jiangsu Chinese Holstein Cows,” if your herd of Holstein cattle had

an SNP on their DGAT1 genes, causing decreased expression of diacylglycerol O-

acyltransferase 1 in the mammary glands, what consequences could you expect to see

in that herd?

A) Decreased milk production

B) Decreased milk fat content

C) A and B

D) No significant change in the herd

Based on “Descriptive Statistics and Genome-WIde Copy Number Analysis of Milk

Production Traits of Jiangsu Chinese Holstein Cows,” if your herd of Holstein cattle had

an SNP on their DGAT1 genes, causing decreased expression of diacylglycerol O-

acyltransferase 1 in the mammary glands, what consequences could you expect to see

in that herd?

A) Decreased milk production

B) Decreased milk fat content

C) A and B**

D) No significant change in the herd

Group 1: Based on “Descriptive Statistics and Genome-WIde Copy Number Analysis of Milk Production Traits of Jiangsu Chinese Holstein Cows,” which of the following is true about CNVs (Copy Number Variations)?

A) CNVs are the least common form of structural variation in genomes

B) CNVs only occur in humans and animals, not in plants

C) CNVs can affect phenotypic variation and are important for biological evolution

D) CNVs only affect the protein-coding regions of the genome

Based on “Descriptive Statistics and Genome-WIde Copy Number Analysis of Milk Production Traits of Jiangsu Chinese Holstein Cows,” which of the following is true about CNVs (Copy Number Variations)?

A) CNVs are the least common form of structural variation in genomes

B) CNVs only occur in humans and animals, not in plants

*C) CNVs can affect phenotypic variation and are important for biological evolution

D) CNVs only affect the protein-coding regions of the genome

Group 1: According to the paper, According to the paper, “Descriptive Statistics and Genome-WIde Copy Number Analysis of Milk Production Traits of Jiangsu Chinese Holstein Cows,” what additional steps should researchers take before using CNVR_156 as a genetic marker for selective breeding in dairy cows?

A)  Focus only on milk yield, as CNVR_156 was not significantly associated with other milk production traits.

B) Increase the sample size to confirm that CNVR_156 is present in all Holstein dairy cows.

C) Remove CNVR_156 from breeding programs to prevent unwanted mutations.

D)Conduct functional validation studies to determine whether CNVR_156 directly influences milk production traits.

According to the paper, According to the paper, “Descriptive Statistics and Genome-WIde Copy Number Analysis of Milk Production Traits of Jiangsu Chinese Holstein Cows,” what additional steps should researchers take before using CNVR_156 as a genetic marker for selective breeding in dairy cows?

A)  Focus only on milk yield, as CNVR_156 was not significantly associated with other milk production traits.

B) Increase the sample size to confirm that CNVR_156 is present in all Holstein dairy cows.

C) Remove CNVR_156 from breeding programs to prevent unwanted mutations.

*D)Conduct functional validation studies to determine whether CNVR_156 directly influences milk production traits.

Group 1: According to the article “Descriptive Statistics and Genome-Wide Copy Number Analysis of Milk Production Traits of Jiangsu Chinese Holstein Cows”, if a dairy farmer wanted to breed dairy cows with high milk yield, which of the following genes or CNVs may be selected for?

A) VPS28

B) CNVR_156

C) There are no genes or CNVs associated with milk yield.

D) Any of the 19 CNVs identified in the study.

According to the article “Descriptive Statistics and Genome-Wide Copy Number Analysis of Milk Production Traits of Jiangsu Chinese Holstein Cows”, if a dairy farmer wanted to breed dairy cows with high milk yield, which of the following genes or CNVs may be selected for?

A) VPS28

*B) CNVR_156

C) There are no genes or CNVs associated with milk yield.

D) Any of the 19 CNVs identified in the study.

Group 1: In the paper “Descriptive Statistics and Genome-Wide Copy Number Analysis of Milk Production Traits of Jiangsu Chinese Holstein Cows”, what pathway is AKT1 found to be involved in when the KEGG analysis was done?

A) None

B) Prolactin Signalling Pathway

C) N-Glycan biosynthesis

D) Tyrosine Metabolism

In the paper “Descriptive Statistics and Genome-Wide Copy Number Analysis of Milk Production Traits of Jiangsu Chinese Holstein Cows”, what pathway is AKT1 found to be involved in when the KEGG analysis was done?

A) None

*B) Prolactin Signalling Pathway

C) N-Glycan biosynthesis

D) Tyrosine Metabolism

Group 1: Based on “Exploring oxidative stress, immunological and metabolic biomarkers in dairy cows with postpartum pyometra,” which biomarker should a veterinarian test for when they suspect pyometra in a dairy cow?

A) Insulin

B) Estrogen

C) Neopterin

D) Cortisol

Based on “Exploring oxidative stress, immunological and metabolic biomarkers in dairy cows with postpartum pyometra,” which biomarker should a veterinarian test for when they suspect pyometra in a dairy cow?

A) Insulin

B) Estrogen

*C) Neopterin

D) Cortisol

Group 1: Based on “Exploring oxidative stress, immunological and metabolic biomarkers in dairy cows with postpartum pyometra,” why are leptin and adiponectin important in understanding postpartum pyometra in cows?

A) They regulate inflammation and energy metabolism

B) They only influence milk production

C) They are not related to cattle reproduction

D) They function solely in bacterial infections

Based on “Exploring oxidative stress, immunological and metabolic biomarkers in dairy cows with postpartum pyometra,” why are leptin and adiponectin important in understanding postpartum pyometra in cows?

*A) They regulate inflammation and energy metabolism

B) They only influence milk production

C) They are not related to cattle reproduction

D) They function solely in bacterial infections

Group 1: Based on “Exploring oxidative stress, immunological and metabolic biomarkers in dairy cows with postpartum pyometra,” What was the most prominent bacteria found in  the uterus?

A) E.coli

B) Fusobacterium

C) Arcanobacterium

D)Mix of all 3

Based on “Exploring oxidative stress, immunological and metabolic biomarkers in dairy cows with postpartum pyometra,” What was the most prominent bacteria found in  the uterus?

*A) E.coli

B) Fusobacterium

C) Arcanobacterium

D)Mix of all 3

Group 1: In “Exploring oxidative stress, immunological and metabolic biomarkers in dairy cows with postpartum pyometra,” how would you correctly differentiate E. coli from  A. pyogenes?

A)  E. coli causes foot rot, while A. pyogenes causes liver abscesses.

B) E. coli can adhere to and invade epithelial cells, while A. pyogenes cannot.

C) E.coli uses hemolysins as a virulence factor, while A. pyogenes uses lipases.

D) E. coli is a bacterial agent, while A. pyogenes is a protazoal agent.

In “Exploring oxidative stress, immunological and metabolic biomarkers in dairy cows with postpartum pyometra,” how would you correctly differentiate E. coli from  A. pyogenes?

A)  E. coli causes foot rot, while A. pyogenes causes liver abscesses.

B) E. coli can adhere to and invade epithelial cells, while A. pyogenes cannot.

*C) E.coli uses hemolysins as a virulence factor, while A. pyogenes uses lipases.

D) E. coli is a bacterial agent, while A. pyogenes is a protazoal agent.

Group 1: In “Exploring oxidative stress, immunological and metabolic biomarkers in dairy cows with postpartum pyometra,” how would you contrast the biomarker MDA with GSH?

A) GSH is a reactive oxygen species, while MDA  is an antioxidant

B) Both are biomarkers of oxidative stress but MDA serum concentrations increase with pyometra infection, while GSH concentration decreases

C) MDA is a defensive mechanism against metabolic alterations linked to pyometra, while GSH is an antioxidant

D)MDA is a defensive mechanism against metabolic alterations linked to pyometra, while GSH is an antioxidant

In “Exploring oxidative stress, immunological and metabolic biomarkers in dairy cows with postpartum pyometra,” how would you contrast the biomarker MDA with GSH?

A) GSH is a reactive oxygen species, while MDA  is an antioxidant

*B) Both are biomarkers of oxidative stress but MDA serum concentrations increase with pyometra infection, while GSH concentration decreases

C) MDA is a defensive mechanism against metabolic alterations linked to pyometra, while GSH is an antioxidant

D)MDA is a defensive mechanism against metabolic alterations linked to pyometra, while GSH is an antioxidant

Group 2: Based on the study “Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Feet and Leg Conformation Traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle”, how might disruptions in the "Regulation of biological quality" biological process affect the development of feet and legs in cattle?

A) It would have no impact, as this process is unrelated to limb development.

B) It could lead to weakened bones and joints, resulting in poor posture and mobility.

C) It would only affect milk production, without influencing the limbs.

D) It would enhance the strength and functionality of the feet and legs.

Based on the study “Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Feet and Leg Conformation Traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle”, how might disruptions in the "Regulation of biological quality" biological process affect the development of feet and legs in cattle?

A) It would have no impact, as this process is unrelated to limb development.
* B) It could lead to weakened bones and joints, resulting in poor posture and mobility.
C) It would only affect milk production, without influencing the limbs.
D) It would enhance the strength and functionality of the feet and legs.

Group 2: Based on the study “Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Feet and Leg Conformation Traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle”, how do the identified GO terms, such as "forelimb morphogenesis" and "channel activity," interact to influence the structural integrity and function of feet and legs in cattle?

A) "Forelimb morphogenesis" influences muscle growth, while "channel activity" solely regulates signal transduction.

B) "Forelimb morphogenesis" has no effect on limb structure, and "channel activity" is unrelated to movement.

C) "Forelimb morphogenesis" regulates limb development, while "channel activity" supports nerve function and muscle coordination, both crucial for functional legs.

D) "Forelimb morphogenesis" only affects bone structure, while "channel activity" impacts metabolic processes.

Based on the study “Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Feet and Leg Conformation Traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle”, how do the identified GO terms, such as "forelimb morphogenesis" and "channel activity," interact to influence the structural integrity and function of feet and legs in cattle?

A) "Forelimb morphogenesis" influences muscle growth, while "channel activity" solely regulates signal transduction.

B) "Forelimb morphogenesis" has no effect on limb structure, and "channel activity" is unrelated to movement.

*C) "Forelimb morphogenesis" regulates limb development, while "channel activity" supports nerve function and muscle coordination, both crucial for functional legs.
D) "Forelimb morphogenesis" only affects bone structure, while "channel activity" impacts metabolic processes.

Group 2: Based on the study “Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Feet and Leg Conformation Traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle,” which of the following gene-trait relationships is most directly linked to both mobility and bone health in cattle?

 

A) ACTBL2 and smooth muscle movement

B) ADIPOR2 and energy balance

C) INPP4A and spinal cord function

D) ALDH1A2 and bone development

Based on the study “Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Feet and Leg Conformation Traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle,” which of the following gene-trait relationships is most directly linked to both mobility and bone health in cattle?

* A) ACTBL2 and smooth muscle movement

B) ADIPOR2 and energy balance

C) INPP4A and spinal cord function

D) ALDH1A2 and bone development

Group 2: Based on the study “Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Feet and Leg Conformation Traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle” which chromosome (from 1-29) had the most SNPs?

A)Chromosome 25

B)Chromosome 1

C)Chromosome 7

D)Chromosome 12

Based on the study “Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Feet and Leg Conformation Traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle” which chromosome (from 1-29) had the most SNPs?

A)Chromosome 25

*B)Chromosome 1

C)Chromosome 7

D)Chromosome 12

Group 2: A dairy farm manager notices an increasing number of cows with mobility issues. Using your understanding of the relationship between feet and leg problems and dairy cow productivity from the first article( “Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Feet and Leg Conformation Traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle”), which of the following is the most logical conclusion about the potential impact on the herd?

A) The cows with mobility issues will require more frequent hoof trimming, but their milk production will remain unchanged.
 B) Foot and leg problems will likely reduce feed intake, leading to lower milk yield and decreased reproductive efficiency.
 C) Cows with mobility issues will self-regulate their movement, ensuring they can still access feed and the milking parlor without intervention.
 D) The primary concern with foot and leg problems is aesthetics, as they do not significantly impact herd health or production

A dairy farm manager notices an increasing number of cows with mobility issues. Using your understanding of the relationship between feet and leg problems and dairy cow productivity from the first article( “Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Candidate Genes Associated with Feet and Leg Conformation Traits in Chinese Holstein Cattle”), which of the following is the most logical conclusion about the potential impact on the herd?

A) The cows with mobility issues will require more frequent hoof trimming, but their milk production will remain unchanged.
*B) Foot and leg problems will likely reduce feed intake, leading to lower milk yield and decreased reproductive efficiency.
C) Cows with mobility issues will self-regulate their movement, ensuring they can still access feed and the milking parlor without intervention.
D) The primary concern with foot and leg problems is aesthetics, as they do not significantly impact herd health or production

Group 2: From the first article, “Deciphering the Genetic Blueprint behind Holstein Milk Protein and Production”, When comparing beef and dairy cattle populations, what does the presence of selective sweeps in dairy but not in beef cattle indicate?

A) Beef cattle have undergone more genetic drift than dairy cattle

B) Dairy cattle have been subjected to stronger artificial selection for milk-related traits

C) Beef cattle are genetically more diverse in all traits

D) Dairy cattle are less influenced by environmental factors than beef cattle

From the first article, “Deciphering the Genetic Blueprint behind Holstein Milk Protein and Production”, When comparing beef and dairy cattle populations, what does the presence of selective sweeps in dairy but not in beef cattle indicate?

A) Beef cattle have undergone more genetic drift than dairy cattle

*B) Dairy cattle have been subjected to stronger artificial selection for milk-related traits

C) Beef cattle are genetically more diverse in all traits

D) Dairy cattle are less influenced by environmental factors than beef cattle

Group 2: Use the information in Article 2: “Deciphering the Genetic Blueprint behind Holstein Milk Protein and Production” to answer this question: You are designing a novel calf milk replacer that aims to mimic the functional properties of natural milk. Based on your understanding of casein micelle formation, which of the following modifications would most likely enhance the formula's calcium phosphate transport capacity?

A) Increase the concentration of kappa-casein to further stabilize micelles.

B) Remove the phosphopeptide region of alpha-s1 casein to reduce calcium binding.

C) Enhance the hydrophobicity of beta-casein to increase micelle surface tension.

D) Increase alpha-s1 casein concentration to improve calcium phosphate transport.

Use the information in Article 2: “Deciphering the Genetic Blueprint behind Holstein Milk Protein and Production” to answer this question: You are designing a novel calf milk replacer that aims to mimic the functional properties of natural milk. Based on your understanding of casein micelle formation, which of the following modifications would most likely enhance the formula's calcium phosphate transport capacity?

A) Increase the concentration of kappa-casein to further stabilize micelles.

B) Remove the phosphopeptide region of alpha-s1 casein to reduce calcium binding.

C) Enhance the hydrophobicity of beta-casein to increase micelle surface tension.

*D) Increase alpha-s1 casein concentration to improve calcium phosphate transport.

Group 2: Use the information in Article 2: “Deciphering the Genetic Blueprint behind Holstein Milk Protein and Production” to answer this question: A food scientist is formulating a plant-based milk alternative and wants to build a protein that similar to casein that is able to easily form micelles to transport calcium phosphate. What characteristic of the protein in most important to  achieve this?

A) A flexible structure with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions to facilitate micelle formation.

B) A higher molecular weight to enhance protein stability in the milk alternative.

C) Increased kappa-casein-like properties to stabilize micelles and prevent precipitation.

D) A low amino acid content to reduce interactions with other proteins in the formulation.

Use the information in Article 2: “Deciphering the Genetic Blueprint behind Holstein Milk Protein and Production” to answer this question: A food scientist is formulating a plant-based milk alternative and wants to build a protein that similar to casein that is able to easily form micelles to transport calcium phosphate. What characteristic of the protein in most important to  achieve this? 

*A) A flexible structure with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions to facilitate micelle formation.

B) A higher molecular weight to enhance protein stability in the milk alternative.

C) Increased kappa-casein-like properties to stabilize micelles and prevent precipitation.

D) A low amino acid content to reduce interactions with other proteins in the formulation.

Group 2: After reading the article ,“Deciphering the Genetic Blueprint behind Holstein Milk Protein and Production,”  if a Holstein cow was recently diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which gene would you expect to be upregulated?

A) ITGAV

B) GATV

C) CSN1

D) CSN4

After reading the article ,“Deciphering the Genetic Blueprint behind Holstein Milk Protein and Production,”  if a Holstein cow was recently diagnosed with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, which gene would you expect to be upregulated? 

*A) ITGAV 

B) GATV 

C) CSN1 

D) CSN4 

Group 2:  In “Deciphering the Genetic Blueprint behind Holstein Milk Protein and Production,” by reviewing the results of various studies on genes related to milk production traits in cattle, which of the following actions best represents how the researchers applied their findings in relation to previously identified candidate genes for milk production?

A) They confirmed that all previously identified genes for milk production were found in their dataset, and there were no new discoveries.

B) They compared their results with previous studies, identifying genes in common with those from the cgQTL database and other studies, and also identified additional genes and gene families potentially influencing milk production traits.

C) They only focused on the results from Larkin et al. (2012) and did not compare their findings to earlier studies or databases.

D) They discovered that the majority of genes associated with milk production traits were new and unrelated to any previous findings or databases.

In “Deciphering the Genetic Blueprint behind Holstein Milk Protein and Production,” by reviewing the results of various studies on genes related to milk production traits in cattle, which of the following actions best represents how the researchers applied their findings in relation to previously identified candidate genes for milk production?

A) They confirmed that all previously identified genes for milk production were found in their dataset, and there were no new discoveries.

*B) They compared their results with previous studies, identifying genes in common with those from the cgQTL database and other studies, and also identified additional genes and gene families potentially influencing milk production traits.

C) They only focused on the results from Larkin et al. (2012) and did not compare their findings to earlier studies or databases.

D) They discovered that the majority of genes associated with milk production traits were new

Group 3: In the article “Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog”, which brain region exhibited the strongest expression bias for genes highly differentiated between wolves and Chinese native dogs (CNs)?

A. Amygdala

B. Occipital Lobe

C. Prefrontal Cortex

D. Hypothalamus

In the article “Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog”, which brain region exhibited the strongest expression bias for genes highly differentiated between wolves and Chinese native dogs (CNs)?

A. Amygdala

B. Occipital Lobe

*C. Prefrontal Cortex

D. Hypothalamus

Group 3: In the article “Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog”, which neurotransmitter system is repeatedly implicated in the behavioral changes linked to domestication?

A. GABAergic

B. Glutamatergic

C. Serotonergic

D. Cholinergic

In the article “Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog”, which neurotransmitter system is repeatedly implicated in the behavioral changes linked to domestication?

A. GABAergic

B. Glutamatergic

*C. Serotonergic

D. Cholinergic

Group 3: In the article “Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog”, which gene containing the most differentiated SNP (FST = 0.9698) between wolves and Chinese native dogs (CNs) is highly expressed in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus, and functions as a tumor suppressor in gliomas?

A. HTR2A

B. FOCAD (KIAA1797)

C. CRYAB

D. CCRN4L

In the article “Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog”, which gene containing the most differentiated SNP (FST = 0.9698) between wolves and Chinese native dogs (CNs) is highly expressed in the prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus, and functions as a tumor suppressor in gliomas?

A. HTR2A

*B. FOCAD (KIAA1797)

C. CRYAB

D. CCRN4L

Group 3: In the article “Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog”, how did the expression pattern of highly differentiated genes between German Shepherds and CNs compare to those between wolves and CNs?

A. GS vs. CN genes showed stronger brain bias

B. Both comparisons showed equal bias toward immune system genes

C. GS vs. CN genes lacked significant brain-biased expression

D. GS vs. CN genes had higher expression in digestive tissues

In the article “Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog”, how did the expression pattern of highly differentiated genes between German Shepherds and CNs compare to those between wolves and CNs?

A. GS vs. CN genes showed stronger brain bias

B. Both comparisons showed equal bias toward immune system genes

*C. GS vs. CN genes lacked significant brain-biased expression

D. GS vs. CN genes had higher expression in digestive tissues

Group 3: In the article “Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog”, what type of selection is most likely responsible for the rapid evolution of brain-expressed genes between wolves and CNs?

A. Natural selection for mobility

B. Directional artificial selection for tameness and social behavior

C. Stabilizing selection for sensory development

D. Genetic drift during recent breed formation

In the article “Artificial Selection on Brain-Expressed Genes during the Domestication of Dog”, what type of selection is most likely responsible for the rapid evolution of brain-expressed genes between wolves and CNs?

A. Natural selection for mobility

*B. Directional artificial selection for tameness and social behavior

C. Stabilizing selection for sensory development

D. Genetic drift during recent breed formation

Group 3: In the article “Measurement of C-reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra”, which biomarker was found to be significantly elevated in dogs with pyometra compared to those with CEH/mucometra or healthy controls?

A. Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite (PGFM)

B. Estrogen

C. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

D. Cortisol

In the article “Measurement of C-reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra”, which biomarker was found to be significantly elevated in dogs with pyometra compared to those with CEH/mucometra or healthy controls?

A. Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite (PGFM)

B. Estrogen

*C. C-Reactive Protein (CRP)

D. Cortisol

Group 3: According to the article “Measurement of C-reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra”, what is the physiological role of CRP in dogs?

A. It suppresses inflammatory signaling

B. It acts as a positive acute-phase protein marker of inflammation

C. It regulates progesterone levels

D. It stimulates neutrophil migration

According to the article “Measurement of C-reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra”, what is the physiological role of CRP in dogs?

A. It suppresses inflammatory signaling

B. It acts as a positive acute-phase protein marker of inflammation

C. It regulates progesterone levels

*D. It stimulates neutrophil migration

Group 3: Based on the article “Measurement of C-reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra”, why might PGFM be considered less reliable than CRP for differentiating pyometra from CEH/mucometra?

A. PGFM levels were not statistically different between groups

B. PGFM was elevated in healthy dogs

C. PGFM correlated with CRP levels

D. PGFM only rises in male dogs

Based on the article “Measurement of C-reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra”, why might PGFM be considered less reliable than CRP for differentiating pyometra from CEH/mucometra?

*A. PGFM levels were not statistically different between groups

B. PGFM was elevated in healthy dogs

C. PGFM correlated with CRP levels

D. PGFM only rises in male dogs

Group 3: Why do the authors of “Measurement of C-reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra” favor CRP over PGFM for distinguishing CEH/mucometra from pyometra?

A. CRP shows consistent elevation in systemic inflammation and is unaffected by age or medications

B. PGFM is an unreliable serum protein

C. CRP is cheaper to assay

D. PGFM was only found in control dogs

Why do the authors of “Measurement of C-reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra” favor CRP over PGFM for distinguishing CEH/mucometra from pyometra?

*A. CRP shows consistent elevation in systemic inflammation and is unaffected by age or medications

B. PGFM is an unreliable serum protein

C. CRP is cheaper to assay

D. PGFM was only found in control dogs

Group 3: According to the article “Measurement of C-reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra”, what is a likely reason for PGFM showing no statistical difference between groups?

A. Too much variation in day-to-day PGFM values

B. PGFM does not reflect uterine inflammation

C. The study had fewer E. coli-positive pyometra cases

D. CRP masks PGFM levels

According to the article “Measurement of C-reactive protein and Prostaglandin F2α Metabolite Concentrations in Differentiation of Canine Pyometra and Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia/Mucometra”, what is a likely reason for PGFM showing no statistical difference between groups?

A. Too much variation in day-to-day PGFM values

B. PGFM does not reflect uterine inflammation

*C. The study had fewer E. coli-positive pyometra cases

D. CRP masks PGFM levels

Group 4: In the article “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions” if there were a mutation that affected the C-terminus of the CXC10 protein what processes would be seen?

A) Enhanced T- lymphocyte binding

B) Decreased inflammation due to disruption in T-lymphocyte recruitment

C) Increased Il-1beta formation

D) No changes since the C-terminus has little to no significance

In the article “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions” if there were a mutation that affected the C-terminus of the CXC10 protein what processes would be seen?

A) Enhanced T- lymphocyte binding

*B) Decreased inflammation due to disruption in T-lymphocyte recruitment

C) Increased Il-1beta formation

D) No changes since the C-terminus has little to no significance

Group 4: In the article “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions” CXC10 is mentioned as a potential biomarker, what inflammatory processes would this biomarker be helpful in screening for?

A) Immune mediated diseases

B) Cancer

C) Just A

D) A and B

In the article “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions” CXC10 is mentioned as a potential biomarker, what inflammatory processes would this biomarker be helpful in screening for?

A) Immune mediated diseases

B) Cancer

C) Just A

*D) A and B

Group 4: Which statement best explains how artificial selection has influenced reproductive traits in dogs according to “Genome-wide association analysis uncovers variants for reproductive variation across dog breeds and links to domestication”?

A) Artificial selection only affects coat color and size in dog breeds.

B) Breeding for specific physical traits may have also influenced reproductive capabilities

C) Genetic variation in dogs’ reproductive traits is random and unrelated to domestication.

D) Dogs selected for intelligence show greater reproductive success

Which statement best explains how artificial selection has influenced reproductive traits in dogs according to “Genome-wide association analysis uncovers variants for reproductive variation across dog breeds and links to domestication”?

A) Artificial selection only affects coat color and size in dog breeds.

*B) Breeding for specific physical traits may have also influenced reproductive capabilities

C) Genetic variation in dogs’ reproductive traits is random and unrelated to domestication.

D) Dogs selected for intelligence show greater reproductive success

Group 4: According to the article “Genome-wide association analysis uncovers variants for reproductive variation across dog breeds and links to domestication,” How could future research improve the study of reproductive trait genetics in dogs?

A) Using functional validation to assess gene effects

B) Relying only on breed-average data for statistical consistency

C) Ignoring genetic variation and focusing on environmental factors

D) Applying the same methods without further validation

According to the article “Genome-wide association analysis uncovers variants for reproductive variation across dog breeds and links to domestication,” How could future research improve the study of reproductive trait genetics in dogs?

*A) Using functional validation to assess gene effects

B) Relying only on breed-average data for statistical consistency

C) Ignoring genetic variation and focusing on environmental factors

D) Applying the same methods without further validation

Group 4: Which of the following inflammatory cytokines was found to be significantly overexpressed in the endometrium of dogs with pyometra, particularly in those treated with progesterone in “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions”?

A) IL-10

B) CXCL10

C) IL-2

D) TGF-B

Which of the following inflammatory cytokines was found to be significantly overexpressed in the endometrium of dogs with pyometra, particularly in those treated with progesterone in “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions”?

A) IL-10

*B) CXCL10

C) IL-2

D) TGF-B

Group 4: Based on the findings in “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions” regarding the expression of inflammatory cytokines in pyometra, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies how prolonged exposure to progesterone might influence the disease process in dogs?

A) Increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines reduce the severity of symptoms associated with pyometra

B)Decreased production of cytokines results in the resolution of inflammation and healing of the uterine tissue

C) Elevated expression of inflammatory markers such as IL-1B and CXCL10 leads to enhanced immune cell infiltration and exacerbated inflammation in the endometrium

D) Hormonal treatments solely increase progesterone without affecting any inflammatory gene expressions

Based on the findings in “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions” regarding the expression of inflammatory cytokines in pyometra, which of the following scenarios best exemplifies how prolonged exposure to progesterone might influence the disease process in dogs?

A) Increased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines reduce the severity of symptoms associated with pyometra

B)Decreased production of cytokines results in the resolution of inflammation and healing of the uterine tissue

*C) Elevated expression of inflammatory markers such as IL-1B and CXCL10 leads to enhanced immune cell infiltration and exacerbated inflammation in the endometrium

D) Hormonal treatments solely increase progesterone without affecting any inflammatory gene expressions

Group 4: In the article “Genome-wide association analysis uncovers variants for reproductive variation across dog breeds and links to domestication” how has artificial selection for brachycephalic features likely contributed to increased c-section rates in certain dog breeds?

A) Brachycephalic breeds have a higher pain threshold, making natural birth more difficult

B) The shortened limbs in brachycephalic breeds limit the mother’s ability to deliver naturally

C) The skull shape selected for in brachycephalic breeds often causes cephalopelvic disproportion, requiring surgical intervention

D)  Brachycephalic traits interfere with hormone production necessary for natural labor

In the article “Genome-wide association analysis uncovers variants for reproductive variation across dog breeds and links to domestication” how has artificial selection for brachycephalic features likely contributed to increased c-section rates in certain dog breeds?

A) Brachycephalic breeds have a higher pain threshold, making natural birth more difficult

B) The shortened limbs in brachycephalic breeds limit the mother’s ability to deliver naturally

*C) The skull shape selected for in brachycephalic breeds often causes cephalopelvic disproportion, requiring surgical intervention

D)  Brachycephalic traits interfere with hormone production necessary for natural labor

Group 4: From the article, “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions”,  what is the key difference between mucometra and pyometra?

A) Mucometra involves infected purulent fluid, while pyometra contains sterile seromucous fluid.

B) Pyometra is characterized by sterile seromucous fluid, whereas mucometra involves infected purulent fluid.

C) Both mucometra and pyometra involve infected purulent fluid, but mucometra is open cervix and pyometra is closed cervix.

D) Mucometra is characterized by the presence of sterile seromucous fluid, while pyometra involves infected purulent fluid.

From the article, “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions”,  what is the key difference between mucometra and pyometra?

A) Mucometra involves infected purulent fluid, while pyometra contains sterile seromucous fluid.

B) Pyometra is characterized by sterile seromucous fluid, whereas mucometra involves infected purulent fluid.

C) Both mucometra and pyometra involve infected purulent fluid, but mucometra is open cervix and pyometra is closed cervix.

*D) Mucometra is characterized by the presence of sterile seromucous fluid, while pyometra involves infected purulent fluid.

Group 4: Based on the article “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions”, If a gene was significantly upregulated in pyometra cases, what could this indicate?

A) The gene plays a role in the disease process.

B) The gene is irrelevant to pyometra development

C) The gene is only expressed in control samples

D) The gene must be suppressed for pyometra to develop

Based on the article “Molecular Expression Profile Reveals Potential Biomarkers and Therapeutic Targets in Canine Endometrial Lesions”, If a gene was significantly upregulated in pyometra cases, what could this indicate?

*A) The gene plays a role in the disease process.

B) The gene is irrelevant to pyometra development

C) The gene is only expressed in control samples

D) The gene must be suppressed for pyometra to develop

Group 4: In “Genome-wide association analysis uncovers variants for reproductive variation across dog breeds and links to domestication” researchers identified several genes associated with key reproductive traits. Which of the following correctly describes the findings related to these genes?

A) SMOC2 was strongly associated with stillbirth rate and is primarily involved in hormone regulation.

B) CACNA2D3 was linked to gestation length and plays a role in calcium ion transport, which may influence uterine muscles.

C) MSRB3 was identified as a key gene affecting gestation length due to its role in extracellular matrix organization.

D) MITF was found to be a significant predictor of litter size and is involved in oocyte maturation.

In “Genome-wide association analysis uncovers variants for reproductive variation across dog breeds and links to domestication” researchers identified several genes associated with key reproductive traits. Which of the following correctly describes the findings related to these genes?

A) SMOC2 was strongly associated with stillbirth rate and is primarily involved in hormone regulation.

*B) CACNA2D3 was linked to gestation length and plays a role in calcium ion transport, which may influence uterine muscles.

C) MSRB3 was identified as a key gene affecting gestation length due to its role in extracellular matrix organization.

D) MITF was found to be a significant predictor of litter size and is involved in oocyte maturation.

Group 5: In the article “Domestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification”, how did the researchers use dimensionality reduction and clustering to analyze canine breed lineages, and what key finding emerged regarding behavioral clustering?

A) They used PCA to group breeds based on fur color, finding no overlap with behavioral traits.

B) UMAP revealed that physical traits, not behavior, primarily influenced lineage separation.

C) PHATE and pseudotemporal reconstruction revealed distinct behavioral clustering that aligned with genetic lineages, especially in working and herding dogs.

D) K-means clustering failed to detect any significant associations between genetic markers and breed lineages

In the article “Domestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification”, how did the researchers use dimensionality reduction and clustering to analyze canine breed lineages, and what key finding emerged regarding behavioral clustering?

A) They used PCA to group breeds based on fur color, finding no overlap with behavioral traits.

B) UMAP revealed that physical traits, not behavior, primarily influenced lineage separation.

*C) PHATE and pseudotemporal reconstruction revealed distinct behavioral clustering that aligned with genetic lineages, especially in working and herding dogs.

D) K-means clustering failed to detect any significant associations between genetic markers and breed lineages

Group 5: In the article “Domestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification”, how do non-coding regulatory variants contribute to behavioral differences among canine lineages?

A) They directly alter protein structures, leading to significant behavioral mutations

B) They influence neurodevelopmental gene expression, leading to variations in behavioral traits

C) They primarily affect coat color and physical traits, which indirectly impact behavior

D) They are rare genetic mutations that only appear in specific dog breeds

In the article “Domestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification”, how do non-coding regulatory variants contribute to behavioral differences among canine lineages?

A) They directly alter protein structures, leading to significant behavioral mutations

*B) They influence neurodevelopmental gene expression, leading to variations in behavioral traits

C) They primarily affect coat color and physical traits, which indirectly impact behavior

D) They are rare genetic mutations that only appear in specific dog breeds

Group 5: In the article “Domestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification”, If a dog breed shows significant enrichment in genes expressed primarily during fetal brain development, what behavioral trait is most likely influenced? 

A) Muscle Growth

B) Coat color

C) Behavioral or cognitive traits

D) Height

In the article “Domestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification”, If a dog breed shows significant enrichment in genes expressed primarily during fetal brain development, what behavioral trait is most likely influenced? 

A) Muscle Growth

B) Coat color

*C) Behavioral or cognitive traits

D) Height

Group 5: In the article “Domestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification”, Which genetic feature best explains breed-specific behaviors according to the paper’s findings? 

A) Differences in coat color genes

B) Structural mutations in muscle proteins

C) Regulatory changes affecting brain development

D) Enhanced immune response pathways

In the article “Domestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification”, Which genetic feature best explains breed-specific behaviors according to the paper’s findings? 

A) Differences in coat color genes

B) Structural mutations in muscle proteins

*C) Regulatory changes affecting brain development

D) Enhanced immune response pathways

Group 5:  In the article “Domestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification”,Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between genetic changes and behavioral diversification in dogs?

A) Behavioral diversification in dogs is primarily driven by environmental factors rather than genetic changes

B) Genetic overlap with human psychiatric genes suggests shared evolutionary pathways that influence complex behaviors in both species

C) Axon guidance enrichment in sheepdogs shows that genetic shifts in neural connectivity have no impact on specialized behaviors

D) Regulatory genetic changes in dogs have no significant impact on neurodevelopment or behavior.

 In the article “Domestic dog lineages reveal genetic drivers of behavioral diversification”,Which of the following statements best explains the relationship between genetic changes and behavioral diversification in dogs?

A) Behavioral diversification in dogs is primarily driven by environmental factors rather than genetic changes

*B) Genetic overlap with human psychiatric genes suggests shared evolutionary pathways that influence complex behaviors in both species

C) Axon guidance enrichment in sheepdogs shows that genetic shifts in neural connectivity have no impact on specialized behaviors

D) Regulatory genetic changes in dogs have no significant impact on neurodevelopment or behavior.

Group 5: According to the paper “P-Glycoprotein and Androgen Receptor Expression Reveals Independence of Canine Prostate Cancer from Androgen Hormone Stimulation” which samples had positive correlation between P-gp and AR expression and how was this presented in the double staining analysis?

A) PC and Normal samples; indicated that lower AR expression also presented with Higher P-gp expression

B) Normal and PIA samples; indicated that higher AR expression also presented with higher P-gp expression

C) PIA and PC samples; indicated that higher AR expression also presented with lower P-gp expression

D) Only PC samples; indicated that higher AR expression also presented with higher P-gp expression

According to the paper “P-Glycoprotein and Androgen Receptor Expression Reveals Independence of Canine Prostate Cancer from Androgen Hormone Stimulation” which samples had positive correlation between P-gp and AR expression and how was this presented in the double staining analysis?

A) PC and Normal samples; indicated that lower AR expression also presented with Higher P-gp expression

*B) Normal and PIA samples; indicated that higher AR expression also presented with higher P-gp expression

C) PIA and PC samples; indicated that higher AR expression also presented with lower P-gp expression

D) Only PC samples; indicated that higher AR expression also presented with higher P-gp expression

Group 5: According to the paper “P-Glycoprotein and Androgen Receptor Expression Reveals Independence of Canine Prostate Cancer from Androgen Hormone Stimulation”, when using double staining, which sample(s) demonstrated higher P-glycoprotein expression?

A) PC samples and Normal samples had higher P-gp expression than PIA

B) PIA samples and Normal samples had higher P-gp expression than PC

C) ONLY PC samples had higher P-gp expression than in normal and PAI samples

D) ONLY PIA samples had higher P-gp expression than in Normal and PC samples

According to the paper “P-Glycoprotein and Androgen Receptor Expression Reveals Independence of Canine Prostate Cancer from Androgen Hormone Stimulation”, when using double staining, which sample(s) demonstrated higher P-glycoprotein expression?

A) PC samples and Normal samples had higher P-gp expression than PIA

B) PIA samples and Normal samples had higher P-gp expression than PC

*C) ONLY PC samples had higher P-gp expression than in normal and PAI samples

D) ONLY PIA samples had higher P-gp expression than in Normal and PC samples

Group 5: In the article “P-Glycoprotein and Androgen Receptor Expression Reveals Independence of Canine Prostate Cancer from Androgen Hormone Stimulation”, which cells express the androgen receptor (AR) in the nucleus?

A) Prostate luminal cells

B) Sertoli cells 

C) Leydig cells 

D) Hypothalamic cells 

In the article “P-Glycoprotein and Androgen Receptor Expression Reveals Independence of Canine Prostate Cancer from Androgen Hormone Stimulation”, which cells express the androgen receptor (AR) in the nucleus?

*A) Prostate luminal cells

B) Sertoli cells 

C) Leydig cells 

D) Hypothalamic cells 

Group 5: According to the paper “P-Glycoprotein and Androgen Receptor Expression Reveals Independence of Canine Prostate Cancer from Androgen Hormone Stimulation,” what would be the expected phenotype of a prostate cancer that is highly dependent on testosterone for growth?

A) High androgen receptor expression, high P-glycoprotein expression

B) High androgen receptor expression, low P-glycoprotein expression

C) Low androgen receptor expression, high P-glycoprotein expression

D) Low androgen receptor expression, low P-glycoprotein expression

According to the paper “P-Glycoprotein and Androgen Receptor Expression Reveals Independence of Canine Prostate Cancer from Androgen Hormone Stimulation,” what would be the expected phenotype of a prostate cancer that is highly dependent on testosterone for growth?

A) High androgen receptor expression, high P-glycoprotein expression

*B) High androgen receptor expression, low P-glycoprotein expression

C) Low androgen receptor expression, high P-glycoprotein expression

D) Low androgen receptor expression, low P-glycoprotein expression

Group 5: According to the paper “P-Glycoprotein and Androgen Receptor Expression Reveals Independence of Canine Prostate Cancer from Androgen Hormone Stimulation,”  if there were a missense mutation in the ATP-binding region of the Nucleotide Binding Domain of the MDR1 gene, what phenotype would you expect to see?

A) Increased drug efflux because the mutation leads to overexpression of the MDR1 gene

B) Increased drug efflux because the mutation increases the affinity for the Nucleotide Binding Domain

C) Decreased drug efflux because a missense mutation would most likely interfere with the highly conserved nature of the ATP-binding region within the Nucleotide Binding Domain

D) Decreased drug efflux because a missense mutation causes underexpression of the MDR1 gene

According to the paper “P-Glycoprotein and Androgen Receptor Expression Reveals Independence of Canine Prostate Cancer from Androgen Hormone Stimulation,”  if there were a missense mutation in the ATP-binding region of the Nucleotide Binding Domain of the MDR1 gene, what phenotype would you expect to see?

A) Increased drug efflux because the mutation leads to overexpression of the MDR1 gene

B) Increased drug efflux because the mutation increases the affinity for the Nucleotide Binding Domain

C) Decreased drug efflux because a missense mutation would most likely interfere with the highly conserved nature of the ATP-binding region within the Nucleotide Binding Domain

D) Decreased drug efflux because a missense mutation causes underexpression of the MDR1 gene

Group 6:  In the article “Dog Domestication Strongly Relied on Translation Regulation According to Differential Gene Expression Analysis”, what study finding suggested that alterations in the regulation of gene expression is fundamental to the domestication process?

A. Geographical origin and species have a significant impact on gene expression

B. Positive selection for specific SNP alleles led to highly differentiated gene expression levels between dogs and wolves 

C. The dog and wolf populations studied were very diverse

D. Many of the enriched gene ontologies were related to protein synthesis and gene translation

 In the article “Dog Domestication Strongly Relied on Translation Regulation According to Differential Gene Expression Analysis”, what study finding suggested that alterations in the regulation of gene expression is fundamental to the domestication process?

A. Geographical origin and species have a significant impact on gene expression

*B.Positive selection for specific SNP alleles led to highly differentiated gene expression levels between dogs and wolves 

C. The dog and wolf populations studied were very diverse

D. Many of the enriched gene ontologies were related to protein synthesis and gene translation

Group 6: According to the article “Dog Domestication Strongly Relied on Translation Regulation According to Differential Gene Expression Analysis,” analyze the significance of the enriched GO terms related to ribosome structure and RNA polymerase II regulation. What does this enrichment suggest about gene expression in dogs compared to wolves?

A. It suggests that dogs evolved superior digestive enzymes for starch breakdown.

B. It indicates that selection targeted enhanced structural proteins for locomotion.

C. It implies that dogs may have experienced increased translational and transcriptional control, supporting domestication-related traits.

D. It confirms that post-translational modifications were the dominant changes during domestication.

According to the article “Dog Domestication Strongly Relied on Translation Regulation According to Differential Gene Expression Analysis,” analyze the significance of the enriched GO terms related to ribosome structure and RNA polymerase II regulation. What does this enrichment suggest about gene expression in dogs compared to wolves?

A. It suggests that dogs evolved superior digestive enzymes for starch breakdown.

B. It indicates that selection targeted enhanced structural proteins for locomotion.

*C. It implies that dogs may have experienced increased translational and transcriptional control, supporting domestication-related traits.

D. It confirms that post-translational modifications were the dominant changes during domestication.

Group 6:  In the article “Dog Domestication Strongly Relied on Translation Regulation According to Differential Gene Expression Analysis,” what was a shortcoming of the original study by Yang et al. (2021) that led the authors of the current study to build upon it?

A. It had a small sample size, which yields an insufficient amount of data to complete the study.

B. It had a small sample size, which reduces statistical power and risks producing unreliable results.

C. It created ethical issues regarding collection of samples from the animals. 

D. Nothing, it was fine. 

 In the article “Dog Domestication Strongly Relied on Translation Regulation According to Differential Gene Expression Analysis,” what was a shortcoming of the original study by Yang et al. (2021) that led the authors of the current study to build upon it?

A. It had a small sample size, which yields an insufficient amount of data to complete the study.

*B. It had a small sample size, which reduces statistical power and risks producing unreliable results.

C. It created ethical issues regarding collection of samples from the animals. 

D. Nothing, it was fine. 

Group 6:  In the article, “Dog Domestication Strongly Relied on Translation Regulation According to Differential Gene Expression Analysis”,  What was a key finding of the study regarding the domestication of dogs?

A. Domestication only involved physical changes in dogs.

B. Gene regulation, rather than specific gene mutations, played a crucial role in dog domestication.

C. The domestication process primarily affected dogs' sensory abilities.

D. Dogs were domesticated due to direct human intervention in gene editing.

 In the article, “Dog Domestication Strongly Relied on Translation Regulation According to Differential Gene Expression Analysis”,  What was a key finding of the study regarding the domestication of dogs?

A. Domestication only involved physical changes in dogs.

*B. Gene regulation, rather than specific gene mutations, played a crucial role in dog domestication.

C. The domestication process primarily affected dogs' sensory abilities.

D. Dogs were domesticated due to direct human intervention in gene editing.

Group 6: In the article, “Dog Domestication Strongly Relied on Translation Regulation According to Differential Gene Expression Analysis”,  Which of the following did the study suggest about the role of gene expression in dog domestication?

A. Gene expression related to immune function played a role in dog domestication.

B. The study found that genetic mutations were the primary drivers of dog domestication.

C. Only physical traits were affected by gene expression changes during dog domestication.

D. The domestication process involved significant changes in the expression of genes related to behavior and social interaction.

In the article, “Dog Domestication Strongly Relied on Translation Regulation According to Differential Gene Expression Analysis”,  Which of the following did the study suggest about the role of gene expression in dog domestication?

A. Gene expression related to immune function played a role in dog domestication.

B. The study found that genetic mutations were the primary drivers of dog domestication.

C. Only physical traits were affected by gene expression changes during dog domestication.

*D. The domestication process involved significant changes in the expression of genes related to behavior and social interaction.

Group 6: A researcher is investigating a treatment for canine prostate cancer with a confirmed BRAF V595E mutation. Based on the findings in the article “Establishment of a BRAF V595E-mutant canine prostate cancer cell line and the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors against canine prostate cancer”, which treatment approach would be most appropriate to inhibit the downstream effects of this mutation?

 A. Administering general chemotherapy to kill rapidly dividing cells indiscriminately

 B. Targeting the androgen receptor pathway to reduce hormonal stimulation
C. Using a MEK inhibitor to block the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway activated by the BRAF mutation
D. Inhibiting VEGF receptors to reduce blood supply to the tumor

A researcher is investigating a treatment for canine prostate cancer with a confirmed BRAF V595E mutation. Based on the findings in the article “Establishment of a BRAF V595E-mutant canine prostate cancer cell line and the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors against canine prostate cancer”, which treatment approach would be most appropriate to inhibit the downstream effects of this mutation?

   A. Administering general chemotherapy to kill rapidly dividing cells indiscriminately

   B. Targeting the androgen receptor pathway to reduce hormonal stimulation
* C. Using a MEK inhibitor to block the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway activated by the BRAF mutation
  D. Inhibiting VEGF receptors to reduce blood supply to the tumor

Group 6:  In the in vivo study, what is the most appropriate action if a mouse receiving 1.0 mg/kg of trametinib shows weight loss but tumor shrinkage?

A. Stop all treatment immediately

 B. Increase the dose for better tumor control
C. Consider dose reduction to balance efficacy and tolerability
D. Switch to vehicle treatment

 In the in vivo study, what is the most appropriate action if a mouse receiving 1.0 mg/kg of trametinib shows weight loss but tumor shrinkage?

A. Stop all treatment immediately

 B. Increase the dose for better tumor control
*C. Consider dose reduction to balance efficacy and tolerability
D. Switch to vehicle treatment

Group 6:  You are treating a canine BRAF V595E-mutated prostate cancer patient with a BRAF inhibitor, but the disease progresses a couple months after starting the treatment. You suspect that the cancer is developing some form of resistance. Using what you have learned from “Establishment of a BRAF V595E-mutant canine prostate cancer cell line and the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors against canine prostate cancer” (Kobayashi, et al), how might you attempt to verify the mechanism of resistance?

A. Investigate other biomarkers for ERK reactivation.

B. Test prostatic fluid for MEK2 expression.

C. Repeat BRAF V595E testing.

D. Try a different BRAF inhibitor.

 You are treating a canine BRAF V595E-mutated prostate cancer patient with a BRAF inhibitor, but the disease progresses a couple months after starting the treatment. You suspect that the cancer is developing some form of resistance. Using what you have learned from “Establishment of a BRAF V595E-mutant canine prostate cancer cell line and the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors against canine prostate cancer” (Kobayashi, et al), how might you attempt to verify the mechanism of resistance?

*A. Investigate other biomarkers for ERK reactivation.

B. Test prostatic fluid for MEK2 expression.

C. Repeat BRAF V595E testing.

D. Try a different BRAF inhibitor

Group 6: In the article, “Establishment of a BRAF V595E-mutant canine prostate cancer cell line and the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors against canine prostate cancer”  What is the role of MEK inhibitors, such as trametinib, in treating BRAF V595E-mutated canine prostate cancer (cPCa)?

A.They block the activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway, which helps suppress tumor growth.

B.They promote tumor cell proliferation to enhance tumor growth.

C.They activate the MAPK/ERK pathway, stimulating cell cycle arrest.

D.They only target normal cells, sparing cancerous cells.

In the article, “Establishment of a BRAF V595E-mutant canine prostate cancer cell line and the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors against canine prostate cancer”  What is the role of MEK inhibitors, such as trametinib, in treating BRAF V595E-mutated canine prostate cancer (cPCa)?

*A.They block the activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway, which helps suppress tumor growth.

B.They promote tumor cell proliferation to enhance tumor growth.

C.They activate the MAPK/ERK pathway, stimulating cell cycle arrest.

D.They only target normal cells, sparing cancerous cells.

Group 6: In the article, “Establishment of a BRAF V595E-mutant canine prostate cancer cell line and the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors against canine prostate cancer”  Given the results of trametinib’s antitumor effects on BRAF V595E-mutated cPCa in the study, how might you apply these findings to improve treatment strategies for canine prostate cancer in veterinary practice?

A. Use trametinib as a standalone treatment for all cases of prostate cancer in dogs, regardless of mutation type.

B. Combine trametinib with BRAF inhibitors to enhance the antitumor effects, while monitoring for possible side effects

C. Treat dogs with the highest possible doses of trametinib to ensure the fastest tumor regression, ignoring the risk of toxicity.

D. Avoid trametinib treatment entirely due to the potential for osteogenesis observed in the study.

In the article, “Establishment of a BRAF V595E-mutant canine prostate cancer cell line and the antitumor effects of MEK inhibitors against canine prostate cancer”  Given the results of trametinib’s antitumor effects on BRAF V595E-mutated cPCa in the study, how might you apply these findings to improve treatment strategies for canine prostate cancer in veterinary practice?

A. Use trametinib as a standalone treatment for all cases of prostate cancer in dogs, regardless of mutation type.

*B. Combine trametinib with BRAF inhibitors to enhance the antitumor effects, while monitoring for possible side effects

C. Treat dogs with the highest possible doses of trametinib to ensure the fastest tumor regression, ignoring the risk of toxicity.

D. Avoid trametinib treatment entirely due to the potential for osteogenesis observed in the study.

Group 7: Based on the paper “Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs,” Which of the following provides the most reasonable justification for using peripheral blood in transcriptome comparisons between dogs and wolves, as outlined in the passage?

A) Blood is the only tissue that can reveal evolutionary relationships between species

B) Blood is easily obtainable from both species and contains key immune regulatory information

C) Blood samples contain more RNA than any other tissue type in the body

D) Wolves do not have brain tissue that can be analyzed like dogs do

Based on the paper “Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs,” Which of the following provides the most reasonable justification for using peripheral blood in transcriptome comparisons between dogs and wolves, as outlined in the passage?

A) Blood is the only tissue that can reveal evolutionary relationships between species

*B) Blood is easily obtainable from both species and contains key immune regulatory information

C) Blood samples contain more RNA than any other tissue type in the body

D) Wolves do not have brain tissue that can be analyzed like dogs do

Group 7: Based on the paper “Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs,” which of the following best explains why wolves may have greater endurance and aerobic capacity than domestic dogs?

A) Wolves have more muscle mass than dogs

B) Wolves express hemoglobin-related genes at higher levels, improving oxygen transport

C) Dogs have a more efficient circulatory system due to domestication

D) Wolves and dogs have identical oxygen transport abilities but differ in behavior

Based on the paper “Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs,” which of the following best explains why wolves may have greater endurance and aerobic capacity than domestic dogs?

A) Wolves have more muscle mass than dogs

*B) Wolves express hemoglobin-related genes at higher levels, improving oxygen transport

C) Dogs have a more efficient circulatory system due to domestication

D) Wolves and dogs have identical oxygen transport abilities but differ in behavior

Group 7: Based on the paper “Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs,” what does the hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes in Figure 2 suggest about gene expression in dogs and wolves?

A) Dogs and wolves express nearly identical gene patterns due to their shared ancestry.

B) Gene expression differences are random and vary more between individuals than species.

C) Gene expression patterns cluster by species, indicating consistent, species-specific regulation.

D) The clustering primarily reflects age and sex differences among the sampled animals.

Based on the paper “Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs,” what does the hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes in Figure 2 suggest about gene expression in dogs and wolves?

A) Dogs and wolves express nearly identical gene patterns due to their shared ancestry.

B) Gene expression differences are random and vary more between individuals than species.

*C) Gene expression patterns cluster by species, indicating consistent, species-specific regulation.

D) The clustering primarily reflects age and sex differences among the sampled animals.

Group 7: In the first paper, “Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs,” Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed significant differences in which processes in dogs and wolves?

A) Immune function

B) Glucose metabolism / utilization

C) Starch metabolism

D) Pulmonary system function

In the first paper, “Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs,” Gene Ontology (GO) analysis revealed significant differences in which processes in dogs and wolves?

*A) Immune function

B) Glucose metabolism / utilization

C) Starch metabolism

D) Pulmonary system function

Group 7: Based on the results of the paper, “Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs,” what conclusions can be drawn about the effects of domestication on dogs?

A) Increased expression of immune-related genes in wolves suggests that dogs have stronger immune systems due to domestication.

B) The downregulation of certain immune genes in dogs supports the hypothesis that domestication reduced selective pressures from harsh environmental conditions.

C) Similar expression levels in metabolic genes between wolves and dogs suggest that metabolism was unaffected by domestication.

D) Expression differences in the transcriptomes indicate that dogs and wolves have completely different gene sets.

Based on the results of the paper, “Comparative analysis of the blood transcriptomes between wolves and dogs,” what conclusions can be drawn about the effects of domestication on dogs?

A) Increased expression of immune-related genes in wolves suggests that dogs have stronger immune systems due to domestication.

*B) The downregulation of certain immune genes in dogs supports the hypothesis that domestication reduced selective pressures from harsh environmental conditions.

C) Similar expression levels in metabolic genes between wolves and dogs suggest that metabolism was unaffected by domestication.

D) Expression differences in the transcriptomes indicate that dogs and wolves have completely different gene sets.

Group 7: Which of the following best describes the physiological effect of subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) in affected dogs?

A) Decreased pulmonary artery pressure and reduced oxygenation
B) Left ventricular pressure overload due to obstruction below the aortic valve
C) Valve regurgitation caused by weakened mitral valve leaflets
D) Complete closure of the tricuspid valve causing right-sided heart failure

Which of the following best describes the physiological effect of subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS) in affected dogs?

A) Decreased pulmonary artery pressure and reduced oxygenation
*B) Left ventricular pressure overload due to obstruction below the aortic valve
C) Valve regurgitation caused by weakened mitral valve leaflets
D) Complete closure of the tricuspid valve causing right-sided heart failure

Group 7: Based on reported breed prevalence, which dog would most likely benefit from early cardiac screening for SAS?

A) A 6-month-old Toy Poodle with no clinical signs
B) A 3-year-old Labrador Retriever with a low-grade heart murmur
C) A 1-year-old Bullmastiff with a family history of cardiac disease
D) A 5-year-old Dachshund with normal auscultation

Based on reported breed prevalence, which dog would most likely benefit from early cardiac screening for SAS?

A) A 6-month-old Toy Poodle with no clinical signs
B) A 3-year-old Labrador Retriever with a low-grade heart murmur
*C) A 1-year-old Bullmastiff with a family history of cardiac disease
D) A 5-year-old Dachshund with normal auscultation

Group 7: According to the paper “Genetics of canine subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS),” what is the main function of the PICALM protein?

A) Acts as a transcription factor

B) Nuclear steroid receptor translocation

C) MHC II recognition

D) Cell signaling and endocytosis

According to the paper “Genetics of canine subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS),” what is the main function of the PICALM protein?

A) Acts as a transcription factor

B) Nuclear steroid receptor translocation

C) MHC II recognition

*D) Cell signaling and endocytosis

Group 7: Based on the paper “Genetics of canine subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS)”, why is breeder education emphasized after identifying valid genetic variants for SAS?

A) Breeders can eliminate all carriers from the population.

B) Educated breeders can use testing to reduce disease without compromising genetic diversity.

C) Most breeders don’t believe SAS is a genetic condition.

D) Breeder education has no impact on disease prevalence.

Based on the paper “Genetics of canine subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS)”, why is breeder education emphasized after identifying valid genetic variants for SAS?

A) Breeders can eliminate all carriers from the population.

*B) Educated breeders can use testing to reduce disease without compromising genetic diversity.

C) Most breeders don’t believe SAS is a genetic condition.

D) Breeder education has no impact on disease prevalence.

Group 7: According to the paper “Genetics of canine subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS)”, why might the identification of chromosome 13 across multiple breeds (Golden Retriever, Newfoundland, Rottweiler) be particularly significant in the study of SAS genetics?

A) These breeds are genetically identical and thus are expected to share disease traits.

B) The identification of a shared chromosome indicates the disease is not inherited.

C) It suggests the possibility of a common genetic variant or conserved haplotype.

D) It confirms that SAS has a single-gene cause in all dog breeds.

According to the paper “Genetics of canine subvalvular aortic stenosis (SAS)”, why might the identification of chromosome 13 across multiple breeds (Golden Retriever, Newfoundland, Rottweiler) be particularly significant in the study of SAS genetics?

A) These breeds are genetically identical and thus are expected to share disease traits.

B) The identification of a shared chromosome indicates the disease is not inherited.

*C) It suggests the possibility of a common genetic variant or conserved haplotype.

D) It confirms that SAS has a single-gene cause in all dog breeds.

Group 8: According to the article, “Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves”, what was the primary reason the researchers used the cribriform plate (CP) size in this study?

A) To determine the number of olfactory receptor genes in different breeds

B) To assess the surface area of nasal epithelium across species

C) To use as a measurable anatomical proxy for olfactory capacity

D) To compare behavioral responses to scent stimulus

According to the article, “Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves”, what was the primary reason the researchers used the cribriform plate (CP) size in this study?

A) To determine the number of olfactory receptor genes in different breeds

B) To assess the surface area of nasal epithelium across species

*C) To use as a measurable anatomical proxy for olfactory capacity

D) To compare behavioral responses to scent stimulus

Group 8: According to the article, “Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves”, When examining the relationship between CP (cribriform plate) surface area and body size in canids, which of the following conclusions can best be drawn from the concept of negative allometry?

 A. CP surface area increases proportionally with body size in all canids
B. Larger canids have disproportionately larger CP surface areas
C. Larger canids have relatively smaller CP surface areas compared to smaller ones
D. CP surface area remains constant across canid species regardless of size

According to the article, “Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves”, When examining the relationship between CP (cribriform plate) surface area and body size in canids, which of the following conclusions can best be drawn from the concept of negative allometry?

 A. CP surface area increases proportionally with body size in all canids
B. Larger canids have disproportionately larger CP surface areas
* C. Larger canids have relatively smaller CP surface areas compared to smaller ones
D. CP surface area remains constant across canid species regardless of size

Group 8: According to the article, “Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves”,why might scent breeds not exhibit larger olfactory structures compared to other dog breeds?

A) Selection for olfactory anatomy may have been less important than behavioral traits like trainability and focus
B) Their skulls are too small to accommodate a larger olfactory system
C) They were primarily bred for visual tracking, not scent detection
D) Scent detection ability is completely unrelated to anatomy

According to the article, “Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves”,why might scent breeds not exhibit larger olfactory structures compared to other dog breeds?

*A) Selection for olfactory anatomy may have been less important than behavioral traits like trainability and focus
B) Their skulls are too small to accommodate a larger olfactory system
C) They were primarily bred for visual tracking, not scent detection
D) Scent detection ability is completely unrelated to anatomy

Group 8: According to the article, “Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves”, what does the consistent reduction in olfactory anatomy across all domestic dog breeds suggest about domestication?

A) It only affects modern breeds, not ancient ones

B) Selection pressures during domestication likely relaxed the need for strong olfactory abilities

C) Domestication universally increases sensory capabilities

D) All domestic dogs have stronger olfactory systems than their wild ancestors

According to the article, “Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves”, what does the consistent reduction in olfactory anatomy across all domestic dog breeds suggest about domestication?

A) It only affects modern breeds, not ancient ones

*B) Selection pressures during domestication likely relaxed the need for strong olfactory abilities

C) Domestication universally increases sensory capabilities

D) All domestic dogs have stronger olfactory systems than their wild ancestors

Group 8: According to the article "Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves" by Bird et al. (2021), the Results section presents findings that domestic dogs have a reduced cribriform plate surface area compared to wolves and coyotes, and that there is no significant difference in relative cribriform plate size between scent breeds and non-scent breeds.

Given these results, which of the following statements BEST analyzes the implications of these findings for our understanding of the evolution of scent capabilities in domestic dogs?

A) These findings suggest that artificial selection for scent ability in domestic dogs has successfully reversed the olfactory reduction that occurred during domestication.

B) These results indicate that cribriform plate size is the sole determinant of scent ability in canids and that domestic dogs, therefore, have inherently inferior scent capabilities compared to wolves and coyotes.

C) These findings challenge the assumption that scent ability is directly linked to cribriform plate size and suggest that other factors may play a more significant role in the variation of scent detection abilities among dog breeds.

D) These results support the traditional view that scent breeds have a superior olfactory anatomy, which explains their enhanced scent detection capabilities.

According to the article "Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves" by Bird et al. (2021), the Results section presents findings that domestic dogs have a reduced cribriform plate surface area compared to wolves and coyotes, and that there is no significant difference in relative cribriform plate size between scent breeds and non-scent breeds.

Given these results, which of the following statements BEST analyzes the implications of these findings for our understanding of the evolution of scent capabilities in domestic dogs?

A) These findings suggest that artificial selection for scent ability in domestic dogs has successfully reversed the olfactory reduction that occurred during domestication.

B) These results indicate that cribriform plate size is the sole determinant of scent ability in canids and that domestic dogs, therefore, have inherently inferior scent capabilities compared to wolves and coyotes.

*C) These findings challenge the assumption that scent ability is directly linked to cribriform plate size and suggest that other factors may play a more significant role in the variation of scent detection abilities among dog breeds.

D) These results support the traditional view that scent breeds have a superior olfactory anatomy, which explains their enhanced scent detection capabilities.

Group 8: According to the article "Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves" by Bird et al. (2021), the article indicates that domestic dogs have a reduced cribriform plate surface area compared to wolves and coyotes, and also found no significant difference in relative cribriform plate size between scent breeds and non-scent breeds.

Given these findings, if a breeder aims to enhance the olfactory capabilities of a new dog breed, which of the following approaches would be the LEAST supported by the study's results?

A) Focusing on intensive training and exposure to diverse scents from an early age.

B) Selecting breeding pairs based on pedigree lines known for high success rates in scent detection tasks.

C) Prioritizing breeding dogs with the largest cribriform plate surface areas within the breed.

D) Emphasizing the breed's use for specific scent-related tasks over generations.

According to the article "Domesticating olfaction: Dog breeds, including scent hounds, have reduced cribriform plate morphology relative to wolves" by Bird et al. (2021), the article indicates that domestic dogs have a reduced cribriform plate surface area compared to wolves and coyotes, and also found no significant difference in relative cribriform plate size between scent breeds and non-scent breeds.

Given these findings, if a breeder aims to enhance the olfactory capabilities of a new dog breed, which of the following approaches would be the LEAST supported by the study's results?

A) Focusing on intensive training and exposure to diverse scents from an early age.

*B) Selecting breeding pairs based on pedigree lines known for high success rates in scent detection tasks.

C) Prioritizing breeding dogs with the largest cribriform plate surface areas within the breed.

D) Emphasizing the breed's use for specific scent-related tasks over generations.

Group 8: According to the article “Use of RNA-seq to identify cardiac genes and gene pathways differentially expressed between dogs with and without dilated cardiomyopathy”, What was the main reason for using RNA-seq in this study on dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs?

A) To measure heart rate changes in affected dogs

B) To find new imaging techniques for diagnosing DCM

C) To identify genes and pathways that are differently expressed in diseased vs. healthy heart tissue

D) To compare drug responses in different breeds

According to the article “Use of RNA-seq to identify cardiac genes and gene pathways differentially expressed between dogs with and without dilated cardiomyopathy”, What was the main reason for using RNA-seq in this study on dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs?

A) To measure heart rate changes in affected dogs

B) To find new imaging techniques for diagnosing DCM

*C) To identify genes and pathways that are differently expressed in diseased vs. healthy heart tissue

D) To compare drug responses in different breeds

Group 8: According to the article “Use of RNA-seq to identify cardiac genes and gene pathways differentially expressed between dogs with and without dilated cardiomyopathy” What can the downregulation of the PIK3R1 gene exacerbate? 

A. Cardiomyocyte dysfunction and contractile failure

B. Purkinje fiber atrophy and cardiomyocyte dysfunction

C. Pacemaker cell dysfunction and sarcomere destruction

D. Sarcomere destruction and contractile failure 

According to the article “Use of RNA-seq to identify cardiac genes and gene pathways differentially expressed between dogs with and without dilated cardiomyopathy” What can the downregulation of the PIK3R1 gene exacerbate? 

* A. Cardiomyocyte dysfunction and contractile failure

B. Purkinje fiber atrophy and cardiomyocyte dysfunction

C. Pacemaker cell dysfunction and sarcomere destruction

D. Sarcomere destruction and contractile failure

Group 8: According to the article “Use of RNA-seq to identify cardiac genes and gene pathways differentially expressed between dogs with and without dilated cardiomyopathy” what is the histological characteristic noted in myocardial tissue from boxers with DCM (Type II)?

A) Attenuated wavy fibers

B) Calcification

C) Lipid deposition

D) Neutrophil infiltration

According to the article “Use of RNA-seq to identify cardiac genes and gene pathways differentially expressed between dogs with and without dilated cardiomyopathy” what is the histological characteristic noted in myocardial tissue from boxers with DCM (Type II)?

A) Attenuated wavy fibers

B) Calcification

*C) Lipid deposition

D) Neutrophil infiltration

Group 8: According to the article “Use of RNA-seq to identify cardiac genes and gene pathways differentially expressed between dogs with and without dilated cardiomyopathy” medications may have played a role in the expression of certain genes in dogs with DCM. What is a possible mechanism by which a medication can affect gene expression? 

A) DNA methylation

B) Cell signaling interruption

C) Transcription factor alteration

D) All of the above

According to the article “Use of RNA-seq to identify cardiac genes and gene pathways differentially expressed between dogs with and without dilated cardiomyopathy” medications may have played a role in the expression of certain genes in dogs with DCM. What is a possible mechanism by which a medication can affect gene expression? 

A) DNA methylation

B) Cell signaling interruption

C) Transcription factor alteration

*D) All of the above

Group 9: According to the article “Single Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of MYBPC3-Associated Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Across Species Reveals Conservation of Biological Process But Not Gene Expression”, What was the main conclusion regarding the effects of MYBPC3 mutations across human, feline, and murine models?

A) MYBPC3 mutations produce identical gene expression changes in all species
B) MYBPC3 mutations have no significant effect on cardiac tissue at the molecular level
C) MYBPC3 mutations lead to conserved changes in biological processes but involve different genes across species
D) MYBPC3 mutations only affect cardiomyocytes and not other cell types in the heart

According to the article “Single Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of MYBPC3-Associated Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Across Species Reveals Conservation of Biological Process But Not Gene Expression”, What was the main conclusion regarding the effects of MYBPC3 mutations across human, feline, and murine models?

A) MYBPC3 mutations produce identical gene expression changes in all species
B) MYBPC3 mutations have no significant effect on cardiac tissue at the molecular level
*C) MYBPC3 mutations lead to conserved changes in biological processes but involve different genes across species
D) MYBPC3 mutations only affect cardiomyocytes and not other cell types in the heart

Group 9: A 3-year-old Maine Coon presents with a heart murmur and evidence of hindlimb paresis. Genetic testing confirms an A31P mutation in the MYBPC3 gene. Based on your knowledge of MYBPC3 domain structure and function, which of the following best explains the clinical significance of this mutation?

A)The mutation disrupts titin binding, directly impairing sarcomere anchoring at the Z-disc.

B) The mutation alters the phosphorylation sites in the M-domain, causing diastolic relaxation failure.
C) The mutation occurs in the C0 domain, impairing actin binding and initiating hypertrophic remodeling.
D) The mutation causes misfolding in the C10 domain, leading to myofiber necrosis and direct infarction.

A 3-year-old Maine Coon presents with a heart murmur and evidence of hindlimb paresis. Genetic testing confirms an A31P mutation in the MYBPC3 gene. Based on your knowledge of MYBPC3 domain structure and function, which of the following best explains the clinical significance of this mutation?

A)The mutation disrupts titin binding, directly impairing sarcomere anchoring at the Z-disc.

B) The mutation alters the phosphorylation sites in the M-domain, causing diastolic relaxation failure.
*C) The mutation occurs in the C0 domain, impairing actin binding and initiating hypertrophic remodeling.
D) The mutation causes misfolding in the C10 domain, leading to myofiber necrosis and direct infarction.

Group 9: According to the article “Tracking footprints of artificial and natural selection signatures in breeding and non-breeding cats" prioritize what the best plan of action for future breeding of Oriental Shorthairs would be.

A) Pick the cats that best fit the breed standard

B) Start breeding out to stray cats

C) Stop breeding these cats all together since they have several genetic diseases

D) Genotype to ensure that genetic diversity is maintained throughout the breeding population

According to the article “Tracking footprints of artificial and natural selection signatures in breeding and non-breeding cats" prioritize what the best plan of action for future breeding of Oriental Shorthairs would be.

A) Pick the cats that best fit the breed standard

B) Start breeding out to stray cats

C) Stop breeding these cats all together since they have several genetic diseases

*D) Genotype to ensure that genetic diversity is maintained throughout the breeding population

Group 9: According to the article “Tracking footprints of artificial and natural selection signatures in breeding and non-breeding cats" how does the genetic diversity and inbreeding level of stray cats compare to cat breeds?

A)Stray cats have a higher genomic inbreeding coefficient than cat breeds due to their isolated populations. 

B) Stray cats exhibit lower genetic diversity because they originate from a limited number of ancestors 

C) Compared to cat breeds, stray cats are genetically diverse population with a rather low genomic inbreeding coefficient and a reduced increase of genomic inbreeding 

D) Stray cats and cat breeds show similar patterns of inbreeding due to shared ancestry and selective breeding 

According to the article “Tracking footprints of artificial and natural selection signatures in breeding and non-breeding cats" how does the genetic diversity and inbreeding level of stray cats compare to cat breeds?

A)Stray cats have a higher genomic inbreeding coefficient than cat breeds due to their isolated populations. 

B) Stray cats exhibit lower genetic diversity because they originate from a limited number of ancestors 

*C) Compared to cat breeds, stray cats are genetically diverse population with a rather low genomic inbreeding coefficient and a reduced increase of genomic inbreeding 

D) Stray cats and cat breeds show similar patterns of inbreeding due to shared ancestry and selective breeding 

Group 9: According to the article “Tracking footprints of artificial and natural selection signatures in breeding and non-breeding cats" what gene should be further studied for its role in preventing congenital abnormalities and promoting stray cat survival?

A) BUB1B

B) TYR

C) GPHN

D) ALDHB1

According to the article “Tracking footprints of artificial and natural selection signatures in breeding and non-breeding cats" what gene should be further studied for its role in preventing congenital abnormalities and promoting stray cat survival?

*A) BUB1B

B) TYR

C) GPHN

D) ALDHB1

Group 9: According to the article “Tracking footprints of artificial and natural selection signatures in breeding and non-breeding cats" comparing stray cats and household cats, what can be concluded about their genetic make ups?

A) Stray cats and household cats show evidence of gene flow and have similar levels of genetic diversity.

B) Stray cats lack the genetic diversity household cats have

C) Household cats show evidence of selection unlike stray cats

D) Stray cats and household cats show evidence of strong artificial selection

According to the article “Tracking footprints of artificial and natural selection signatures in breeding and non-breeding cats" comparing stray cats and household cats, what can be concluded about their genetic make ups?

*A) Stray cats and household cats show evidence of gene flow and have similar levels of genetic diversity.

B) Stray cats lack the genetic diversity household cats have

C) Household cats show evidence of selection unlike stray cats

D) Stray cats and household cats show evidence of strong artificial selection

Group 9:  Based on the gene expression results shown in Figure 3 and Table 1, which of the following best explains a limitation of using the murine model to study MYBPC3-related hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in humans?

A. Mouse cardiomyocytes show no significant changes in gene expression, indicating that they are not affected by MYBPC3 mutations.
B. The mouse model exhibits a disproportionately high number of downregulated genes, suggesting species-specific responses that may not fully mirror human disease mechanisms.
C. Feline cardiomyocytes exhibit identical gene expression changes to human cardiomyocytes, making mouse models unnecessary.
D. The MYBPC3 mutation has no effect on gene expression across species, indicating poor model design.

 Based on the gene expression results shown in Figure 3 and Table 1, which of the following best explains a limitation of using the murine model to study MYBPC3-related hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in humans?

A. Mouse cardiomyocytes show no significant changes in gene expression, indicating that they are not affected by MYBPC3 mutations.
*B. The mouse model exhibits a disproportionately high number of downregulated genes, suggesting species-specific responses that may not fully mirror human disease mechanisms.
C. Feline cardiomyocytes exhibit identical gene expression changes to human cardiomyocytes, making mouse models unnecessary.
D. The MYBPC3 mutation has no effect on gene expression across species, indicating poor model design.

Group 9: According to the article “Single Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of MYBPC3-Associated Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Across Species Reveals Conservation of Biological Process But Not Gene Expression”, how might the differences in gene expression pathways between species inform the development of targeted therapies for MYBPC3-related hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A. Differences in upregulated genes across species suggest that therapies targeting common pathways in all three species could be universally effective for MYBPC3-related hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
B. Species-specific alterations in genes involved in muscle contraction and energy metabolism highlight the need for developing species-tailored therapies that account for distinct molecular pathways.
C. The large number of downregulated genes in all species suggests that therapies should focus solely on gene activation rather than inhibition.
D. The differential expression of genes in cardiomyocytes of all species suggests that MYBPC3 mutations have no impact on gene expression and therefore no need for therapeutic intervention.

According to the article “Single Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of MYBPC3-Associated Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Across Species Reveals Conservation of Biological Process But Not Gene Expression”, how might the differences in gene expression pathways between species inform the development of targeted therapies for MYBPC3-related hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A. Differences in upregulated genes across species suggest that therapies targeting common pathways in all three species could be universally effective for MYBPC3-related hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
*B. Species-specific alterations in genes involved in muscle contraction and energy metabolism highlight the need for developing species-tailored therapies that account for distinct molecular pathways.
C. The large number of downregulated genes in all species suggests that therapies should focus solely on gene activation rather than inhibition.
D. The differential expression of genes in cardiomyocytes of all species suggests that MYBPC3 mutations have no impact on gene expression and therefore no need for therapeutic intervention.

Group 9: According to  “Tracking footprints of artificial and natural selection signatures in breeding and non-breeding cats", which of the following best explains why the household breeds showed lower heterozygosity and higher inbreeding compared to stray and household cat populations?

A. They have greater genetic diversity due to natural selection.

B. They are bred with household cats to enhance adaptability.

C. They are more frequently exposed to environmental stressors than stray cats.
D. They underwent intensive artificial selection, leading to reduced genetic variation.

According to  “Tracking footprints of artificial and natural selection signatures in breeding and non-breeding cats", which of the following best explains why the household breeds showed lower heterozygosity and higher inbreeding compared to stray and household cat populations?

A. They have greater genetic diversity due to natural selection.

B. They are bred with household cats to enhance adaptability.

C. They are more frequently exposed to environmental stressors than stray cats.
*D. They underwent intensive artificial selection, leading to reduced genetic variation.

Group 9: What is the most likely explanation for species-specific ECM remodeling patterns in MYBPC3-related cardiomyopathy in “Single Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of MYBPC3-Associated Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Across Species Reveals Conservation of Biological Process But Not Gene Expression”?

A. MYBPC3 mutations do not affect ECM in humans.
B. The mutations alter ECM exclusively in cardiomyocytes.
C. Different cell types contribute to ECM changes depending on the species.
D. ECM remodeling is identical in all species regardless of genetic mutation.

What is the most likely explanation for species-specific ECM remodeling patterns in MYBPC3-related cardiomyopathy in “Single Cell Transcriptomic Profiling of MYBPC3-Associated Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Across Species Reveals Conservation of Biological Process But Not Gene Expression”?

A. MYBPC3 mutations do not affect ECM in humans.
B. The mutations alter ECM exclusively in cardiomyocytes.
*C. Different cell types contribute to ECM changes depending on the species.
D. ECM remodeling is identical in all species regardless of genetic mutation.

Group 10: According to the article by Joshua et.al, What is a key difference in gene expression profiles between the left ventricle (LV) and left atrium (LA) in healthy feline hearts?

A)The LV exhibits higher expression of inflammatory cytokines compared to the LA.

B) The LA has higher transcriptional activity with distinct expression of genes related to contractility and remodeling compared to the LV.

C) Both chambers express identical genes at similar levels.

D) The LV exclusively expresses non-coding RNAs while the LA only expresses coding genes.

According to the article by Joshua et.al, What is a key difference in gene expression profiles between the left ventricle (LV) and left atrium (LA) in healthy feline hearts?

A)The LV exhibits higher expression of inflammatory cytokines compared to the LA.

*B) The LA has higher transcriptional activity with distinct expression of genes related to contractility and remodeling compared to the LV.

C) Both chambers express identical genes at similar levels.

D) The LV exclusively expresses non-coding RNAs while the LA only expresses coding genes.

Group 10: According to the article by Joshua et.al, THBS4 is found to be significantly upregulated in the HCM LV. What is the most likely implication of this upregulation in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A) Inhibition of cardiac fibrosis and improved myocardial relaxation.

B) Enhanced contractility by increasing sarcomere integrity exclusively.

C) Promotion of cardiac remodeling and fibrosis contributing to disease progression.

D) Solely a marker of acute myocardial infarction without pathological effects.

According to the article by Joshua et.al, THBS4 is found to be significantly upregulated in the HCM LV. What is the most likely implication of this upregulation in feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A) Inhibition of cardiac fibrosis and improved myocardial relaxation.

B) Enhanced contractility by increasing sarcomere integrity exclusively.

*C) Promotion of cardiac remodeling and fibrosis contributing to disease progression.

D) Solely a marker of acute myocardial infarction without pathological effects.

Group 10: According to the article by Joshua et.al, How might disruptions in RhoGDI-RhoGTPase signaling affect the myocardial cells in HCM?

A) They cause disorganized cytoskeletal architecture, impacting cell-to-cell interactions and contractile function.

B) They lead to overproduction of non-coding RNA with no functional consequence.

C) They exclusively enhance mitochondrial biogenesis.

D) They result in increased production of natriuretic peptides without structural impact.

According to the article by Joshua et.al, How might disruptions in RhoGDI-RhoGTPase signaling affect the myocardial cells in HCM?

*A) They cause disorganized cytoskeletal architecture, impacting cell-to-cell interactions and contractile function.

B) They lead to overproduction of non-coding RNA with no functional consequence.

C) They exclusively enhance mitochondrial biogenesis.

D) They result in increased production of natriuretic peptides without structural impact.

Group 10: According to the article by Joshua et.al, How does the feline HCM model compare to human HCM as a translational model based on the gene expression and pathway analyses?

A) It shows no similarity in pathological gene expression, rendering it ineffective for translational research.

B) It reflects many molecular and histopathological changes seen in human HCM but has limitations like disease stage heterogeneity and small sample sizes.

C) It solely replicates the electrical conduction defects of human hearts without remodeling features.

D) It exclusively models genetic mutations found in human HCM, with no differences in signaling pathways.

According to the article by Joshua et.al, How does the feline HCM model compare to human HCM as a translational model based on the gene expression and pathway analyses?

A) It shows no similarity in pathological gene expression, rendering it ineffective for translational research.

*B) It reflects many molecular and histopathological changes seen in human HCM but has limitations like disease stage heterogeneity and small sample sizes.

C) It solely replicates the electrical conduction defects of human hearts without remodeling features.

D) It exclusively models genetic mutations found in human HCM, with no differences in signaling pathways.

Group 10: According to the article by Joshua et.al, How could the transcriptome data and identified differentially expressed genes be used to develop new diagnostic biomarkers for feline HCM?

A) By ignoring gene expression differences and focusing on protein structure alone.

B) By solely focusing on non-coding RNA expression profiles.

C) By exclusively targeting genes that show no difference between healthy and diseased hearts.

D) By utilizing the unique expression patterns (e.g., increased THBS4, NPPA) to design assays that detect early molecular changes in the myocardium.

According to the article by Joshua et.al, How could the transcriptome data and identified differentially expressed genes be used to develop new diagnostic biomarkers for feline HCM?

A) By ignoring gene expression differences and focusing on protein structure alone.

B) By solely focusing on non-coding RNA expression profiles.

C) By exclusively targeting genes that show no difference between healthy and diseased hearts.

*D) By utilizing the unique expression patterns (e.g., increased THBS4, NPPA) to design assays that detect early molecular changes in the myocardium.

Group 10: According to the article Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed, what are the main physical features of the Persian cat as described by breed standards?
A) Long muzzle, small eyes, and pointed ears
B) Slender body, upright ears, and short tail
C) Long, dense coat, large round eyes, and brachycephalic face
D) Long legs, flat face, and striped coat

According to the article Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed, what are the main physical features of the Persian cat as described by breed standards?
A) Long muzzle, small eyes, and pointed ears
B) Slender body, upright ears, and short tail
*C) Long, dense coat, large round eyes, and brachycephalic face
D) Long legs, flat face, and striped coat

Group 10: According to the article Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed, Which two genes were identified as candidates influencing the brachycephalic facial features in Persian cats?
A) FGF5 and LRRN1
B) SLC16A7 and SRPRB
C) CHL1 and CNTN6
D) RYK and KY

According to the article Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed, Which two genes were identified as candidates influencing the brachycephalic facial features in Persian cats?
A) FGF5 and LRRN1
B) SLC16A7 and SRPRB
*C) CHL1 and CNTN6
D) RYK and KY

Group 10: According to the article Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed, What does the lower frequency of Persian haplotypes in derived breeds suggest?
A) They evolved in complete isolation
B) Haplotype conservation decreases over generational divergence
C) Derived breeds are more genetically pure
D) The Persian breed has less variation than expected

According to the article Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed, What does the lower frequency of Persian haplotypes in derived breeds suggest?
A) They evolved in complete isolation
*B) Haplotype conservation decreases over generational divergence
C) Derived breeds are more genetically pure
D) The Persian breed has less variation than expected

Group 10: According to the article Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed, Why was there a sudden increase in heterozygosity between two regions on chromosome A2?
A) Mutation hotspot
B) Crossbreeding with wild cats
C) Possible recombination or genome assembly error
D) Sample contamination

According to the article Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed, Why was there a sudden increase in heterozygosity between two regions on chromosome A2?
A) Mutation hotspot
B) Crossbreeding with wild cats
*C) Possible recombination or genome assembly error
D) Sample contamination

Group 10: According to the article Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed, What does the clustering of Persian-derived breeds near Persians in the MDS plot suggest?
A) No shared ancestry
B) Derivation is based on coat pattern
C) Shared genetic background due to common ancestry
D) Sample labeling errors

According to the article Evidence of selection signatures that shape the Persian cat breed, What does the clustering of Persian-derived breeds near Persians in the MDS plot suggest?
A) No shared ancestry
B) Derivation is based on coat pattern
*C) Shared genetic background due to common ancestry
D) Sample labeling errors