Physical Science ( Collision Theory And Chemical rate Reaction )

Collision Theory

states that reacting substances must come into contact ( collide ) with enough activation energy, and in the correct orientation (facing the correct way), so that their electron shell can rearrange to form the products of the reaction.

Chemical Reaction

when two particles collide, sometimes a chemical reaction can occur, which means the bonds between two or more particles are broken and reformed, creating one or more new substances.

Reactants

the substances or particles that enter and are changed in the chemical reaction.

Products

the substances that are formed or the results.

Activation Energy

refers to the minimum energy required for a reaction to take place.

product can form

when a collision provides energy equal to or greater than the activation energy.

Temperature

refers to how hot or cold a certain substances is. Usually, a rise in temperature of 10 C doubles the reaction rate.

the rate of a chemical reaction increases with

increasing temperature

Concentration

The rate of chemical reaction is affected by the concentration of reacting substances.

Concentration

• refers to the number of particles present in a given volume of solution.

• measures how much of the solute is dissolved in a solvent to form a homogeneous mixture.

Higher Concentration

means there is more of the solute in the solution

If the concentration of the reactant is increased

the rate of reaction also increases.

Surface area and particle size

• is the measure of how much-exposed area a solid object has expressed in square units.

The more finely divided a solid is

The faster the rate of reaction.

Catalyst

• is a substance that speeds up a reaction, but is chemically unchanged at its end.

• Increases the rate of reaction by providing an alternate reaction pathway with lower activation energy.

Activation energy

• can be thought of as a barrier to chemical reaction.

Enzyme

A catalyst is also known as

Enzyme

• Are used in the food, agricultural, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries to control and speed up reactions in order to quickly and accurately obtain a valuable final product.

Harber process

• Which is used to make ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen, is catalyzed by IRON, which provides atomic sites on which the reactant bonds can rearrange more easily to form the transition state.

Contact process

• Is a present method of producing concentrated sulphuric acid which is required for industrial use.

Vanadium oxide

• The catalyst used during the contact process

Catalytic converter

• are used in exhaust systems to provide a site for the oxidation and reduction of toxic by-products(like nitrogen, oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons) of fuel into less hazardous substances such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and nitrogen gas.

Catalytic converter

• filters out harmful byproducts in the exhaust gases and burns them up.