Psych

Wilhelm Wundt

German physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened the first psychology research laboratory in 1879

Edward Bradford Titchener

Student of Wilhelm Wundt; founder of Structuralist school of psychology.

William James

Student of Wilhelm Wundt; father of functionalism

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female president of the APA; a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her gender, a pioneering memory researcher

Margaret Floy Washburn

first woman to earn a Ph.D. in psychology

Jhon B. Watson

-Behaviorist
- thought introspection was unscientific
-Observed stimuli and response, little Albert

B.F. Skinner

rejected introspection and studied how consequences shape behavior

Sigmund Freud

Famous controversial personality theorist and therapist have greatly influenced humanities self-understanding

Charles Darwin

Argued that natural selection shapes behaviors as well as bodies

Structuralism

an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

Functionalism

A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function - how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish.

Behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

humanistic psychology

historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

evolutionary psychology

the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

behavior genetics

the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

levels of analysis

the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon

biopsychosocial approach

an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

applied research

scientific study that aims to solve practical problems

counseling psychology

a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being

clinical psychology

a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders

psychiatry

a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy

community psychology

a branch of psychology that studies how people interact with their social environments and how social institutions affect individuals and groups

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.