Unit 1: Period 1: 1491-1607

Las Casas

________ argued that Native Americans were humans as well, so enslaving them was morally wrong and unjustified.

Adena Hopewell culture

________ (based in current day Ohio) is famous for its earthen mounds.

Buffaloes

________ were their source of food, as well as their decorations, crafting tools, knives, and clothing.

Woodland Native Americans

________ prospered with a rich food supply from hunting, fishing, and agriculture.

Surplus of wealth

________ allowed for a society with greater variations between social and economic classes to exist.

Iroquois Confederation

________: powerful political union of several tribes from the Great Lakes and New York area (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and the Tuscarora); battled rival Native Americans as well as Europeans.

Columbus voyage

________ brought people into lasting contact with the Atlantic.

Spain

________ and Portugal were the first kingdoms to claim territories in the Americas.

Variety of landforms

________ and climate allowed for tremendous diversity in cultures in North American Natives (prior to 1492)

Germany

Early 1500s: certain Christians in ________, England, France, Holland, and other Northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome.

1550 1551

Debate of the role of Native Americans was a formal debate in ________ in Valladolid, Spain.

Native Americans

Africans, just like ________, resisted European domination by maintaining elements of their culture.

Challenge

________: finding a new way to Asian trade appeared by sailing either south along the West African coast and then east to China, or sailing west across the Atlantic ocean.

17th century

Acquired horses in ________ after trading or stealing them from Spanish settlers; with horses, tribes like the Lakota Sioux could easily follow buffalo herds.

1450s

Invention of printing press in the ________ helped spread knowledge across Europe.

Isabella

1492: (________ and Ferdinand) 2 Spanish monarchs who were at the height of their power defeated the Moors in Granada.

Massachusetts

In ________, the English and the Native Americans coexisted and shared many things and ideas with each other.

political conditions

Social, economic, and ________ allowed for the idea of exploration to be supported by many in Europe.

Jamestown

1607: Founding of the first permanent English settlement in ________, Virginia.

joint stock company

The ________ encouraged more investors, promoting economic growth.

Renaissance

________: rebirth of classical learning which promoted an outburst of scientific and artistic activity in the 15th and 16th centuries.

Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda

________ believed that Native Americans were less than human, which meant that they benefitted from the encomienda system.

Roman Catholic Church

________ and its leader, the pope, dominated western Europe for a long time.

Columbus

After sailing from the Canary Islands on Sept. 6, ________ landed on an island in the Bahamas on October 12.

Columbian Exchange

________: the trade and transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time.

Queen Elizabeth I

________ encouraged exploration and settlement during in the later 16th century.

Mexico

Spread of maize cultivation from ________ allowed for for economic growth and the development of irrigation systems.

15th century

________: Portuguese began trading for enslaved people from West Africa.

Castile

________ and Aragon to form the core of the modern country of Spain.

Europeans

________ generally viewed Native Americans as inferior people that could be exploited for economic gain, converted to Christianity, and used as military allies.

Population growth

________ and and access to new resources caused an increase in trade which further caused social, political, and economic changes to occur.

Conflicts

________ between the Protestants and the Catholics led to a series of wars that killed millions in the 16th and 17th century.

Nutrition of corn

________ allowed populations to grow and to become highly organized and socially diversified societies.

Capitalism

________: an economic system where the control of capital (money and machinery) became more important that the control of land.

Spanish wealth

The ________ and power increased through the explorers and conquistadores, as well as the physical labor of the enslaved Africans and Native Americans.

American culture

The banjo would be closely associated with the ________ in the southeast by the 19th century.

Columbus first voyage

________ is significant because it initiated lasting contact between two groups of people.

Las Casas

________ was unable to gain equal treatment for Native Americans, but he was able to establish the basic arguments for the justice of Native Americans.

Spain

1492: Spanish conquered the last Moorish stronghold in ________ (Granada) under the leadership of Isabella and Ferdinand.

Native Americans

Contact between ________, Europeans, and Africans in the Americas was violent and lasted for a longer time.

1607

Founding of the first permanent English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia

1490

The population north of Mexico (present-day United States and Canada) ranges from under one million to more than ten million

Reason for this

the spreading of cultivation of corn (maize) from Mexico to the North

Current location

along the Pacific coast, modern day Alaska to Northern California

Iroquois Confederation

powerful political union of several tribes from the Great Lakes and New York area (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and the Tuscarora) ; battled rival Native Americans as well as Europeans

Renaissance

rebirth of classical learning which promoted an outburst of scientific and artistic activity in the 15th and 16th centuries

8th century

Moors (Islamic invaders from North Africa) quickly conquered most of modern-day Spain

1492

Spanish conquered the last Moorish stronghold in Spain (Granada) under the leadership of Isabella and Ferdinand

Early 1500s

certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other Northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome

1498

Portuguese sea captain Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach India via this route

15th century

Portuguese began trading for enslaved people from West Africa

Nation states

countries in which the majority of people shared both a common culture and common loyalty to a certain government

1493

The pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map (line of demarcation)

Purpose of Columbuss voyage

finding a sea route the lucrative trade with Asia which has been limited by long and dangerous land route

1492

(Isabella and Ferdinand) 2 Spanish monarchs who were at the height of their power defeated the Moors in Granada

Columbian Exchange

the trade and transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time

Capitalism

an economic system where the control of capital (money and machinery) became more important that the control of land