________ argued that Native Americans were humans as well, so enslaving them was morally wrong and unjustified.
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Adena Hopewell culture
________ (based in current day Ohio) is famous for its earthen mounds.
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Buffaloes
________ were their source of food, as well as their decorations, crafting tools, knives, and clothing.
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Woodland Native Americans
________ prospered with a rich food supply from hunting, fishing, and agriculture.
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Surplus of wealth
________ allowed for a society with greater variations between social and economic classes to exist.
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Iroquois Confederation
________: powerful political union of several tribes from the Great Lakes and New York area (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and the Tuscarora); battled rival Native Americans as well as Europeans.
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Columbus voyage
________ brought people into lasting contact with the Atlantic.
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Spain
________ and Portugal were the first kingdoms to claim territories in the Americas.
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Variety of landforms
________ and climate allowed for tremendous diversity in cultures in North American Natives (prior to 1492)
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Germany
Early 1500s: certain Christians in ________, England, France, Holland, and other Northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome.
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1550 1551
Debate of the role of Native Americans was a formal debate in ________ in Valladolid, Spain.
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Native Americans
Africans, just like ________, resisted European domination by maintaining elements of their culture.
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Challenge
________: finding a new way to Asian trade appeared by sailing either south along the West African coast and then east to China, or sailing west across the Atlantic ocean.
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17th century
Acquired horses in ________ after trading or stealing them from Spanish settlers; with horses, tribes like the Lakota Sioux could easily follow buffalo herds.
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1450s
Invention of printing press in the ________ helped spread knowledge across Europe.
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Isabella
1492: (________ and Ferdinand) 2 Spanish monarchs who were at the height of their power defeated the Moors in Granada.
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Massachusetts
In ________, the English and the Native Americans coexisted and shared many things and ideas with each other.
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political conditions
Social, economic, and ________ allowed for the idea of exploration to be supported by many in Europe.
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Jamestown
1607: Founding of the first permanent English settlement in ________, Virginia.
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joint stock company
The ________ encouraged more investors, promoting economic growth.
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Renaissance
________: rebirth of classical learning which promoted an outburst of scientific and artistic activity in the 15th and 16th centuries.
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Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
________ believed that Native Americans were less than human, which meant that they benefitted from the encomienda system.
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Roman Catholic Church
________ and its leader, the pope, dominated western Europe for a long time.
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Columbus
After sailing from the Canary Islands on Sept. 6, ________ landed on an island in the Bahamas on October 12.
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Columbian Exchange
________: the trade and transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time.
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Queen Elizabeth I
________ encouraged exploration and settlement during in the later 16th century.
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Mexico
Spread of maize cultivation from ________ allowed for for economic growth and the development of irrigation systems.
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15th century
________: Portuguese began trading for enslaved people from West Africa.
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Castile
________ and Aragon to form the core of the modern country of Spain.
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Europeans
________ generally viewed Native Americans as inferior people that could be exploited for economic gain, converted to Christianity, and used as military allies.
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Population growth
________ and and access to new resources caused an increase in trade which further caused social, political, and economic changes to occur.
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Conflicts
________ between the Protestants and the Catholics led to a series of wars that killed millions in the 16th and 17th century.
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Nutrition of corn
________ allowed populations to grow and to become highly organized and socially diversified societies.
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Capitalism
________: an economic system where the control of capital (money and machinery) became more important that the control of land.
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Spanish wealth
The ________ and power increased through the explorers and conquistadores, as well as the physical labor of the enslaved Africans and Native Americans.
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American culture
The banjo would be closely associated with the ________ in the southeast by the 19th century.
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Columbus first voyage
________ is significant because it initiated lasting contact between two groups of people.
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Las Casas
________ was unable to gain equal treatment for Native Americans, but he was able to establish the basic arguments for the justice of Native Americans.
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Spain
1492: Spanish conquered the last Moorish stronghold in ________ (Granada) under the leadership of Isabella and Ferdinand.
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Native Americans
Contact between ________, Europeans, and Africans in the Americas was violent and lasted for a longer time.
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1607
Founding of the first permanent English settlement in Jamestown, Virginia
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42
1490
The population north of Mexico (present-day United States and Canada) ranges from under one million to more than ten million
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Reason for this
the spreading of cultivation of corn (maize) from Mexico to the North
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Current location
along the Pacific coast, modern day Alaska to Northern California
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Iroquois Confederation
powerful political union of several tribes from the Great Lakes and New York area (Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, and the Tuscarora) ; battled rival Native Americans as well as Europeans
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46
Renaissance
rebirth of classical learning which promoted an outburst of scientific and artistic activity in the 15th and 16th centuries
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47
8th century
Moors (Islamic invaders from North Africa) quickly conquered most of modern-day Spain
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48
1492
Spanish conquered the last Moorish stronghold in Spain (Granada) under the leadership of Isabella and Ferdinand
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49
Early 1500s
certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other Northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome
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1498
Portuguese sea captain Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach India via this route
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15th century
Portuguese began trading for enslaved people from West Africa
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Nation states
countries in which the majority of people shared both a common culture and common loyalty to a certain government
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1493
The pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map (line of demarcation)
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Purpose of Columbuss voyage
finding a sea route the lucrative trade with Asia which has been limited by long and dangerous land route
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1492
(Isabella and Ferdinand) 2 Spanish monarchs who were at the height of their power defeated the Moors in Granada
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56
Columbian Exchange
the trade and transfer of plants, animals, and germs from one side of the Atlantic to the other for the first time
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57
Capitalism
an economic system where the control of capital (money and machinery) became more important that the control of land
Studied by 3 people
Note 
Flashcard (42)