Unit 3 Vocab-APWH

Gunpowder Empires

Gunpowder Empires

large multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control their territories

Gutenberg Printing Press

used movable type to print, increased literacy and helped spread the Reformation

Ivan IV (the Terrible)

Russian Tsar from 1547-1584; Was responsible for the death of thousands; Created the Oprichnina in order to destroy the Boyars; Believed in a Strong Centralized Government; expanded Russia mostly south.

Ming Dynasty

Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

Manchu

Northeast Asian peoples who defeated the Ming Dynasty and founded the Qing Dynasty in 1644, which was the last of China's imperial dynasties.

Qing Dynasty

the last imperial dynasty of China (from 1644 to 1912) which was overthrown by revolutionaries. Also known for its extreme isolationism.

Emperor Kangxi

Emperor of the Qing Dynasty, presided over a period of stability and expansion

Emperor Qianlong

Qing emperor who refused to open more trading ports to Europe. He was known for his military skills, love of scholarship, and tolerance.

Tamerlane

Mongol leader who conquered Persia and Mesopotamia

Ottoman Empire

A Muslim empire based in Turkey that lasted from the 1300's to 1922.

Mehmed II

Ottoman sultan called the "Conqueror"; responsible for conquest of Constantinople in 1453; destroyed what remained of Byzantine Empire.

Suleiman I

The leader of the Ottoman Turk Empire during the high Renaissance.

Safavid Empire

Iranian kingdom (1502-1722) established by Ismail Safavi, who declared Iran a Shi'ite state.

Shah

Persian word for king

Shah Abbas I

Shah of the Safavid Empire from 1588-1629. Westernized the military

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

Akbar

The most famous Muslim ruler of India during the period of Mughal rule. Famous for his religious tolerance, his investment in rich cultural feats, and the creation of a centralized governmental administration

Caste System

A Hindu social class system that controlled every aspect of daily life

Jatis

Part of the caste system; a social group that does a particular job and that a person is born into

Sikhism

a monotheistic religion founded in northern India in the 16th century by Guru Nanak and combining elements of Hinduism and Islam

Ottoman devshirme

in the Ottoman Empire, the policy of taking boys from conquered Christian peoples to be trained as Muslim soldiers

Janissaries

Infantry, originally of slave origin, armed with firearms and constituting the elite of the Ottoman army from the fifteenth century until the corps was abolished in 1826.

Divine Right

Belief that a rulers authority comes directly from god.

Samurai

Class of warriors in feudal Japan who pledged loyalty to a noble in return for land.

The Tudors

English royal family, dynasty founded by Henry VII; includes some of England's most influential monarchs; Elizabeth

English Bill of Rights

document that gave England a government based on a system of laws and a freely elected parliament

Absolutism

A political system in which a ruler holds total power

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief minister of France who reduced the power of the nobles by developing the system of intendants

Louis XIV

(1638-1715) Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. One of his greatest accomplishments was the building of the palace at Versailles.

Palace of Versailles

Lavish palace constructed by Louis XIV to reflect his power and might

Serfdom

Feudal system, the use of serfs to work the land in return for protection against barbarian invasions

Boyars

Russian nobles

Peter I

czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government

Daimyo

A Japanese feudal lord who commanded a private army of samurai

Tokugawa Ieyasu

1534-1616, founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate which lasted from 1603 to 1867 and reunified Japan

Period of Great Peace

The Tokugawa Shogunate created this period in Japan known as the Edo Period by adopting a policy of isolation

Tokugawa Shogunate

was a semi-feudal government of Japan in which one of the shoguns unified the country under his family's rule. They moved the capital to Edo, which now is called Tokyo. This family ruled from Edo 1868, when it was abolished during the Meiji Restoration.

Delhi

Capital of the Mughal empire in Northern India

Zamindars

a local official in Mongul India who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government

St.Petersburg

capital city and major port that Peter the Great established in 1703

Askia the Great

Muslim ruler who led Songhai to the height of its power

Songhai

a West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591

Taj Mahal

A beautiful tomb built by the Mughal ruler Shah Jahan to honor his wife.

Shah Jahan

Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666)

Tax farming

A government's use of private collectors to collect taxes. Used in France and the Ottoman Empire

Tributes

wealth sent from one country or ruler to another as a sign that the other is superior

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices.

Qing Imperial Portraits

Portraits of Qing emperors used to legitimize their rule

Temple of the Sun

Inca Religious center located at Cuzco

Lutheranism

A Protestant denomination of Christian faith founded by Martin Luther

Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination

Indulgences

in the Roman Catholic Church, pardon for sins committed during a person's lifetime

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on October 31, 1517.

Simony

The selling of church offices

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

King Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England, he split with the Catholic Church and declared himself head of the Church of England, or Anglican Church.

Anglicanism

A Protestant denomination of the Christian faith founded by Henry VIII in England

Charles V

Holy Roman Emperor

Orthodox Church

Eastern church which was created in 1053 after the schism from the western Roman church; its head is the patriarch of Constantinople. (also called the Byzantine Church)

Holy Synod

Ran the Russian Orthodox Church under Peter's direction

Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

Inquisition

A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Council of Trent

A meeting of Roman Catholic leaders, called by Pope Paul III to rule on doctrines criticized by the Protestant reformers.

Philip II

(1527-1598) King of Spain from 1556 to 1598. Absolute monarch who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

Holy Roman Empire

Loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes. It lasted from 962 to 1806.

Spanish Armada

The great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588; defeated by the terrible winds and fire ships.

Peace of Augsburg

1555 agreement declaring that the religion of each German state would be decided by its ruler

Edict of Nantes

document that granted religious freedom to the Huguenots (French Protestants)

Thirty Years War

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

Islamic Schism

The split which led to the creation of Sunni and Shiite Muslims

Shariah

Islamic code of law

Scientific Revolution

The intellectual movement in Europe, initially associated with planetary motion and other aspects of physics, that by the seventeenth century had laid the groundwork for modern science.

Empiricism

the belief that accurate knowledge can be acquired through observation and data collection

Uighurs

Muslim population in the Xinjiang province of China