Psych of Sport Exam 1

UNT Kine 4000

Definition of Psychology

• The systematic study of BEHAVIOR and MENTAL PROCESSES

  • Psyche - meaning life

  • Logos - meaning explanation

What is Sport?

• considered to be the activities involving POWER and SKILL, COMPETITION, STRATEGY, and/or CHANCE, and engaged in for the ENJOYMENT and SATISFACTION of the participant and/or others.

• Physical activity with competition

Phyiscal Fitness

Any bodily movement that results in the burning of calories

Exercise

A subcategory of physical activity; it is a physical activity that is planned, structured, and repetitive

• Anaerobic

  • Short-term or burst of activities

• Aerobic

  • long-term activities

  • cycling, running, etc.

Physical Fitness

Is an outcome that can be attained through exercising at frequency, intensity, and length of the prescribed by the ACSM

• Frequency

• Intensity

• Time

• Type

• (FITT)

2018 Physical Activity Guidelines

• 5 days per week → 150 minutes of moderate exercise

  • brisk walking, water aerobics, tennis doubles

• 3 days per week → 75 minutes of intense exercise

  • jogging, swimming, cycling over 10 mph, singles tennis

Energy in and Energy out

• 30 minutes of walking, body weight 150 pounds, will expend 150 calories

• three 10 minutes walks with expend 150 calories

• six 5 minute walks will expend 150 calories

• REMEMBER → time is the biggest barriers to people being active!!!!

Performance = _________

Physical Preparation + Technical Skill + Mental Readiness

• KEY: Mental training is the foundation!!!

→ Physical Characteristics

• Strength

• Speed

• Stamina

→ Technical Characteristics

• Skill development

• Strategy

• Synchronization

→ Psychological Characteristics

• Confidence

• Concentration

• Consistency

• Control

What are the two Objectives of Sport and Exercise Psychology?

1. The scientific study of how psychological factors affect performance

   1. ex: adding money to darts to see how they perform

   2. class example - putt off but if student wins, class gets extra credit

2. How participation in sport and exercise affect psychological and physcial factors

   1. ex: can weight training decrease depression in adults?

What are the three roles for a Sport Psychology Practitioner?

Teaching →

• University Professor: Kines., Sport sciences, Psychology

Research →

• research scientist, professor, lab technician, etc.

  • Institue of higher learning

    • University

    • Medical Hospital

    • Research Facility

      • Government

      • Private/Indutry

Consulting →

• Workkshops for coaches, parents, and athletes or….

• Athlete, parent, coach, or team consultantions

Sport Psychology Specialties?

1. Clinical Sport Psychologist

   1. licensed, trained to work with individuals with severe emotional disorders

   2. trained to help with eating disorders and substance abuse

2. Educational sport psychology specialist

   1. mental health coach - understand psychology of human movement

   2. training in PE, Kines, or exercise sport sceince

   3. educate and increase athlete and coach awareness of issues of anxiety management and confidence development

Period 1: The Early Years (1895-1920)

• 1897: Norman Triplett conducts first social psychology and sport psychology experiment

• 1918: Coleman Griffith conducts informal studies of football and basketball studies

Period 2: The Griffith Era (1921-1938)

• 1925: University of Illinois research in athletes labortaory established. Griffith appointed direction

KNOWN AS THE Father of North American Sport Psychology!

Period 3: Preparation for Furture (1938-1965)

• 1943: Dorothy Yates was one of the first women to conduct sport psychology

• 1965: First World Congress of Sport Psychology held in Rome

Period 4: The Establishment of Academic Sport Psychology (1966-1977)

• 1966: Clinical psychologist BRUCE OGLIVIE and Thomas Tutko write Problem Athletes and How to Handle Them.

Bruce Ogilive → Father of Applied Sport Psychology

Period 5: Multidisciplinary Science and Practice in Sport and Exercise Psychology (1978-2000)

• 1985: USOC hires first full-time sport psycologist

• 1986: The Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology is established

• 1988: US Olympic team is accompined by offically recognized sport psychologist for the first time

Period 6: Contemporary Sport and Exercise Psychology (2000-present)

• Condidates who have a Master’s degree can apply for provisional status as a certified consultant

Sport and Exercise Psychology Organizations

• NASPSPA → North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity

• AASP → Association for Applied Sport Psychology

• Division 47 → American Psychology Assoication

• ISSP → Internation Society of Sport Psychology

• ACSM, AAHPERD, BASES, SHAPE America, etc.

Sport and Exercise Journals

• Journal of Applied Sport Psychology 1989 → Offical journal of AASP

What are the professional issues in sport psychology?

1. Credentialing

   1. Certification, registry, and licensure

2. Training

   1. theory, research, and practice

3. Employment

   1. academic settings, independent practices, clinics

      1. Job opportunities on the rise!

         1. Consulting → all ages and skill levels, NCAA departments, fitness industry, etc

         2. Academic → sport science but some psychology

         3. Exercise Psychology → partly driven by greater external research funding

4. Ethics

   1. Respect the dignity and worth of the individual and honor the preservation of fundamental human rights

Present and Future Pros and Cons?

• Pros:

  • more courses, books, resources

  • more consulting opportunities

  • exercise psychology is growing

• Cons:

  • need for certification

  • few full-time consulting opportunites available

Science in Sport and Exercise?

• Def → a process or method of learning about the world through the….

  • systematic

  • controlled

  • emperical

  • critical filtering

• …of knowledge acquired through experience

Sceintific Theory → End Goad?

• Is a set of interrelated facts that presents a systematic view of some phenomenom in order to DESCRIBE, EXPLAIN, and PREDICT its future occurance.

• Thoery into practice = Socail Facilitation Theory

What is a hypothesis?

• A deduced statement which can be tested emperically (with actual supportive data)

• An educated hunch that attempts to explain or predict a single phenomenon

What is and how many variables are needed?

1. Independent variable

   1. variable whose effect upon the dependent variable you are trying to understand

2. Dependent variable

   1. the consequence of resultant behavior

Types of Research

• Study

  • the investigator observes or asses

  • does NOT change the environment in any way

• Experiment

  • the investigator manipulates variables (environment)

  • Examines how changes in 1+ variables affect changes in others

Other types of Research in S&E Psychology

• Analytical → historical, philosophical, literature review, meta-analysis

• Descriptive → survey, case study, job analysis, etc.

• Experimental → a cause-and-effect situation can be established

• Qualitative → interpretive, ethnographic, participant observer, case study

Integrating Science and Professional Practice Knowledge

• Apply scientific principles in your professional work setting

• Evaluate the utility of scientific principles

• Keep current with changes in the scientific knowledge base

• Hold realistic expectations based on the strengths and limitations of scientific principles

Methods of Knowing “DK Theory”

• Damn Konfident

  • Scientific method

  • Systematic observation

  • single case study

  • shared (public) experience

  • Introspection

  • intuition

• Dont Know

Three Approaches to Sport and Exercise Psychology

1. Psychophysiological Orientation

   1. Examines underlying psychophysiological processes of the brain (or heart, muscle, etc) in terms of primary causes of behavior

      1. ex: Using biofeedback techniques to train marksmen

2. Social-psychological Orientation

   1. Behavior is determined by a complex interaction of the environment (especially social) and the personal make-up of the athlete

      1. ex: how a leader’s style and strategies foster group cohesion and influence participation rates

3. Cognitive-behavoiral Oreintation

   1. behavior is determined by both the enviroment and thoughts (cognitions)

      1. ex: studying differences on confidence (or anxiety, depression, etc.) among tennis players with or without burnout

STRENGTHS of Scientifc an Professional Practice Knowledge

• Sceinfitic

  • Highly reliable

  • Systematic/Controlled

  • Objective/Unbiased

• Professional Practice

  • holistic

  • Innovative

  • Immediate

LIMITATIONS of Scientifc an Professional Practice Knowledge

• Scientific (increased internal validity)

  • Reductionism

  • Lack of Practicality

  • Conservative/Slow to Evolve

• Professional Practice (Increased external validity)

  • less Reliable

  • Lack of Explanations

  • Suspectiable to Bias

Personaility?

• Def: The sum of the characterisitcs that make a person unique!

  • why study?

    • helps us understand students, athletes, etc.

Personalitiy Structure (Hollander)

• Psychological Core → the most basic and deepest attitudes, values, interests, and motives of a person

  • ex: religious values, etc.

• Typical Responses → the way one typically responds to the environment

  • ex: happy-go-lucky, shy, etc.

• Role-Related Behavior → how one acts in a particular social situation

  • ex: student, parent, manager of store, etc.

How many approaches are in the Conceptual Personality Structure?

1. Psychodynamic approach

2. Trait approach

3. Situational approach

4. Interactional approach

5. Phenomenological approach

1) Psychodynamic Approach

Understanding the person as a whole, rather than identifying isolated traits

• emphasizes how unconscious determinants (ID) conflicts with conscious aspects (superego/ego) that cause behavior:

  • ID - carnal drives (irrational)

  • Superego - one’s moral conscience

  • Ego - one consciousness weighs impulse of instinctive drive and supergo (rational)

Research →

• Current impact: little influences

• Weakness: Focusues alomst entirely in internal determinanats of behavior - giving little attention to the social environment

• Contribution: awareness that unconscious determinants of behavior exist

2) Trait approach

Personality traits predispose one to act in a certain way regardless of the situation

• Traits like competitiveness, ambition, aggressiveness, organization, trustworthiness, etc. are stable

The FIVE FACTOR MODEL!!!!

Research →

• Current impact: little

• Weakness: knowing traits will not always help predict behavior in a particular situation

• Contribution: emphasizes the importance of traits and the measurement of such dispositions

3) Situational approach

Behavior is determined by the situation or environment (e.g., modeling or reinforcement)

→ if the influence of the environment is strong enough, the effect on personality traits will be minimal

Research →

• Current impact: little

• Weakness: situation will NOT always influence individual behavior

• Contribution: emphasizes the importance of the situation

4) Interactional approach

Behavior is determined by person and situation factors, as well as theit interaction.

• ex: performance during free-throw shooting under pressure

Research →

• Current impact: Considerable influence, adopted most contemport sport psychologist

• Weakness: NONE

• Contribution: emphasizes the consideration of both traits and situational variables and their interactions.

5) Phenomenological approach

Similar to the interaction approach, except a person’s experiences and personal perceptions of the world are critical

→ MOST POPULAR APPROACH TODAY

Who is Hans Eysenck? [Trait approach]

Dimensions of Personality (1947): personality traits exist on a continuum

Who is Raymond Cattel? [Trait apporach]

→ 16 independent facets of personality

→ all exist on a continuum

The Five Factor Model [Trait Approach]

• MOST WIDELY used model for personality

• known as BIG 5 MODEL

• on continuum

• 2 foundational traits:

  • Extroversion

    • talkative vs quiet

    • assertive, energetic, enthusiasm, sociability

  • Neuroticism/Emotionality

    • emotional stability vs emotional

    • anxiety, nervousness, anger, depression

1) Openness to experience

→ originality, intelligence, curiosity, readiness for change

2) Agreeableness

→ Amiability, modesty, social adaptation, kindness

3) Conscientiousness

→ dependability, impulse control/self-displine, achievement striving

Sport and Five Factor Model

• Athletes tend to have higher levels of extraversion than non-athletes

• Athletes in teams sports tend to score higher on extraversion and lower on conscientiousness than athletes involved in indiidual sports

Measuring Personality

• Rating Scales

  • judges and observes a situation

• Unstructured projective procedures

  • Inference concerning underlying motives

• Structured Questionaire

  • paper-and-pencil test

ALSO…..

• Trait vs State measure

• General vs Situation (sport) specific measures

  • ex: sport-specific test of anxiety assesses precomp. anxiety better than a general anxiety test does

What is a Projective Tests?

Word Association and Storytelling

• clients say what they see based off the ambigous image (inkblots on the paper, etc.)

• Responses are expressions of one’s private inner ideas, fears, wishes, etc.

Peronality Research in Sport and Exercise Psychology

• NO SPECIFIC personality profile has been found that consistency discriminates athletes from non-athletes

• few personality differences are evident between male and female athletes, especially at the elite level

The Profile of Mood States! (POMS)

→ I feel…..energentic, tense, fatigued, full of pep, annoyed

→ Scoring….1 not at all, 2 a little, 3 moderately, 4 quite a bit, 5 extremely

Methodological Considerations

Principles of Testing and measurement error

1. Reliability and Validity

2. Sample Characterisitcs

3. Social Desirability

Sources of Error in Testing

• Faking good

• Faking bad

• Conservative Response style

• Response distortion

• Carelessly responding

Defining Motivation

Motivation is the DIRECTION and INTENSITY of effort

• Direction of effort → approach (seek out or be attracted to) a situation to avoid it

• Intensity of effort → how much effort is put forth in a situation

Three Approaches to Motivation

1. participant/Trait-Cenetered View

2. Situation-Centered view

3. Interational View

1) Participant/Trait-Cenetered View

Motivated behavior is primarily a function of individual characterisitics

• Primary determinants

  • needs

  • interests

  • goals

  • personaility

• EX: “you are a real winner” = Athlete excels at sports

2) Situation-Centered View

Motivation behvior is primarily determined by situational factors

• primary determinants

  • coaching or teaching style

  • facility attractiveness

  • win/loss record of a team

• EX: overcoming a bad situation → coach yelling!

3) Interactional View

Motivated behavior results from the interaction of personal and situation factors

What are the guidelines for Building Motivation?

1. Both situations and traits motivate people (e.g., the interactional view)

2. People have multiple motives for involvement

3. Change the environment to enhance motivation

4. Leaders influence motivation directly and indirectly

5. Use behavior modification to change participants’ undesirable motives

Building Motivation 1

Both situations and traits motivate people (e.g., the interactional view) → may change over time; continually monitor

• Sorrentino and Sheppard (1978) [research example]

  • 44 male, 33 female swimmers

  • Group involvement

    • social approval → viewing competing with others as a positive state

    • social rejection → feeling threatened by an affiliation-oriented activity, such as a relay, in which he/she might let others down

  • Personal Factor = approval vs rejection

  • Situational factor = alone vs team

  • From coach perspective → the four fastest individual swimmers might not make the best relay team, and starting the 3 most highly skilled athletes doesn’t guarantee you have the best in the game

→ Applying the Interactional View

Building Motivation 2

People have multiple motives for involvement →

• understant why people participate

• participate more than one reason

• shared and unquie motives

• motives change over time

Youth and Adult Example!!!!

BM 2 Youth Example

what motivates children to play sports? → FUN!!!

Parent’s influence → arguably the most important people in children’s lives are their parents or parental figures

(Does not prepare them for professional sports career!)

• problems associated with youth sports? → orgnized YS is not automatically benfical

  • emphasis on winning

  • pressure by SO to achieve success

  • installing unrealisitic goals or professional careers

  • overuse injuries

• Motives for discontinuing participation? →

  • primary concerns

    • not having fun

    • concerns about caoching

    • other life activites

  • Secondary

    • too musch pressure

    • too musch emphasis on winning

    • not getting played enough

BM 2 Adult Example

• Major Motives for Exercise Participation

  • intially:

    • health factors, weight loss, fitness, etc.

  • continually:

    • enjoyment

    • orgainzation

    • leadership

    • social factors

1. More than one reason to participate → multiple benefits

2. competiting motives for involvement → exercise vs family

3. both shared and unique motives → friendship vs dominance

4. sex differences in motivation → competitive vs social

5. cultural emphasis affects motives → interval vs external

Building Motivation 3

Change the environment to enhance motivation

• competition or recreational

• multiple motives and opportunities

• adjust to individuals in groups

Building Motivation 4

Leaders influence motivation directly and indirectly

• Directly → the way a coach structures practice

• Indirectly → a fitness instructor’s energetic, outgoing personality acts as positive reinforcement

Building Motivation 5

use behavior modification to change participants’ undesirable motives

ex: reinforce good clean play - punish aggressive play intended to inflict injury

1 → This individual is considered to be the Father of North American Sport Psychology.

a) Philip Wrigley

b) Bruce Olgilvie

c) Norman Triplett

d) Coleman Griffith

e) Dan Gould

D

2 → This sport psychology specialty area often works with athletes on issues like eating disorders and substance abuse. They are also required to be licensed psychologists in the state they practice.

a) Clinical Sport Psychologist

b) Educational Sport Psychologist 

c) Mental Performance Coach

d) Experimental Sport Psychologist

e) Certified Mental Performance Consultant

A

3 → Dr. Olson is conducting an experiment examining the effects of goat yoga on anxiety symptoms. The dependent variable(s) in this study is/are:    

a) neither anxiety symptoms nor goat yoga

b) both anxiety symptoms and goat yoga

c) goat yoga

d) anxiety symptoms

D

4 → An experiment examining the effects of competition on anxiety would be an example of objective #1 (the scientific study of how psychological factors affect performance) within sport and exercise psychology. 

True or False?

FALSE!!!!

5 → __________ is considered to be activities involving power and skill, competition, strategy and/or chance, and engaged in for the enjoyment and satisfaction of the participant and/or others.

a) Recreation

b) Play

c) Sport

d) Physical activity

e) Exercise

C

6 → Identify the three roles of a sport psychology practitioner. [Select all that apply]

a) service

b) training

c) consulting

d) teaching

e) research

C, D, & E

7 → Match the three research approaches in sport and exercise psychology to its definition.

a) Behavior is determined by a complex interaction of the environment (especially the social environment) and the personal make-up of the athlete or exerciser.

b) Examines underlying psychophysiological processes of the brain (or heart, muscle, etc.) in terms of primary causes of behavior.

c) Behavior is determined by both the environment and thoughts (cognitions).

with….

1) Cognitive-behavioral orientation

2) Social-psychological orientation

3) Psychophysiological orientation

A-2……B-3…..C-1

8 → _________ is a process, or method of learning about the world through systematic, controlled, empirical, and critical filtering of knowledge acquired through experience.    

a) Theory

b) Psychology

c) Science

d) Sport

e) Guessing

C

9 → This type of research consists of historical accounts, philosophic ideas, literature reviews, and meta-analyses.

a) descriptive

b) experimental

c) qualitative

d) case-study

e) analytical

E

10 → Match the following training components of performance with its outcome.

a) Technical training

b) Mental training

c) Physical training

with….

1) control

2) speed

3) strategy

A-3…..B-1…..C-2

1 → Match the Personality Structure approach to its definition.

a) Understanding the person as a whole, rather than identifying isolated traits

b) Behavior is determined by the situation or environment (e.g., modeling or reinforcement)

c) Personality traits predispose one to act in a certain way regardless of the situation

d) Similar to the interactional approach, except a person’s experiences and personal perceptions of the world are critical

with…..

1) Trait approach

2) Situational approach

3) Phenomenological approach

4) Psychodynamic approach

A-4…..B-2…..C-1…..D-3

2 → This type of personality assessment should be used when measuring current (in the moment) stress levels of an athlete during competition.

a) state-situation

b) trait-situation

c) trait-general

d) state-general

A

3 → Identify the three main sources of measurement error in sport and exercise psychology research.

a) social desirability

b) sample characteristics

c) sample size

d) reliability and validity

e) confirmation bias

A, B, & D

4 → Personality research in sport and exercise psychology has identified a specific personality profile that consistently discriminates athletes from non-athletes.

True or False?

False

5 → This part of a person’s personality structure is the least stable and is heavily influenced by the situation.

a) Psychological core

b) None of the above

c) Foundational component

d) Role-related behavior

e) Typical responses

D

6 → This is one of the most widely used models of personality that describes personality traits on a continuum and categorizes people into personality types.

a) The Five Factor Model

b) Personality Categorization System

c) The Personality Matrix

d) Model of Personality Measurement

e) The Personality Continuum Model

A

7 → This researcher developed the Dimensions of Personality (1947), where two main personality traits were viewed on a continuum.

a) Hans Eysenck

b) William P. Morgan

c) Raymond Cattell

d) Bradley Hatfield

e) Sigmund Freud

A

8 → __________ is/are the way we learn to adjust to the environment.

a) Belief systems

b) Typical responses

c) Resilience

d) Role-related behavior

e) Psychological core

B

9 → According to this approach, behavior is determined by the person (traits) and situational factors, as well as their interaction.

a) Psychodynamic approach

b) Interactional approach

c) Trait approach

d) Phenomenological approach

e) Situational approach

B

10 → Personality is the sum of the characteristics that make a person unique.

True or False?

True

1 → According to Ewing and Seefeldt (1996), which is a motive cited for youth sport participation? (SELECT ALL THAT APPLY)

a) Improving skills

b) Experiencing excitement

c) Having fun

d) Being with friends

e) Developing fitness

ALL OF THEM

2 → Motivation is defined as the ______ and ______ of effort.

a) type; direction

b) direction; intensity

c) type; intensity

d) intensity; ability

e) ability; type

B

3 → Findings from the Sorrentino and Sheppard (1978) study suggest that starting the best individual athletes may not guarantee the best team. (i.e., taking the four fastest individual runners may not equal the fastest relay team).

True or False?

True

4 → According to the guidelines for building motivation, behavior modification should be used to change an athletes' undesirable motives.

True or False?

True

5 → Primary determinants of the situation-centered view include the coaching style, facility attractiveness, and record of the team.

True or False?

True

6 → Identify the factor(s) that is/are associated with continued involvement in an exercise program.

a) Program enjoyment

b) Weight loss

c) Self-challenge

d) Health factors

e) Fitness

A