AP HUG Unit 3.5

What is imperialism?

The process by which a powerful state extends political economic or cultural power over another state or territory through force or diplomacy.

What is colonialism?

The process by which a powerful state establishes settlements and direct control in another territory for political or economic gain.

What is the main difference between imperialism and colonialism?

Imperialism is the broader policy of extending power while colonialism involves physically occupying settling or directly controlling another territory.

How did imperialism and colonialism cause cultural diffusion?

Colonizers and settlers brought languages religions customs technologies and institutions into the territories they controlled.

How did European colonization affect languages in the Americas?

European settlers spread English Spanish Portuguese and French through relocation diffusion replacing or reducing the use of many Indigenous languages.

Why is Spanish widely spoken in Latin America?

Spanish colonization brought Spanish-speaking settlers and institutions to the Americas through relocation diffusion.

Why is Portuguese the dominant language of Brazil?

Portugal colonized Brazil and spread Portuguese through relocation diffusion.

What was the first major wave of European imperialism discussed in this topic?

European colonization of the Americas beginning in the late 1400s by powers including Spain Portugal France Britain and the Netherlands.

What was the Scramble for Africa?

The competition among European powers during the nineteenth century to claim and control territories across Africa.

How did the Scramble for Africa cause cultural diffusion?

European powers imposed or spread their languages institutions customs and other cultural traits throughout their African colonies.

How is Algeria an example of the lasting effects of colonialism?

French colonial rule spread the French language and culture and French remains influential in Algerian education media and society even after independence.

How did trade contribute to cultural diffusion?

Merchants carried religions languages technologies and other cultural traits along trade networks while exchanging goods.

How did the Silk Roads promote cultural diffusion?

Merchants traveling across Eurasia exchanged cultural traits and helped spread religions and ideas between distant societies.

How did trade contribute to the spread of Islam?

Muslim merchants carried Islam along major trade networks and interacted with and converted populations in trading regions.

How did trade contribute to the spread of Buddhism?

Merchants and travelers helped Buddhism diffuse from its South Asian hearth into China and Southeast Asia.

What is a lingua franca?

A common language used by speakers of different native languages to communicate with one another.

Why do lingua francas develop?

They make communication easier among people speaking different languages especially through trade politics and economic interaction.

How did Arabic function as a lingua franca?

Arabic allowed merchants and populations speaking different languages to communicate throughout parts of the Indian Ocean and Muslim trading world.

What is the major global lingua franca today?

English.

Why did English become a global lingua franca?

The expansion of the British Empire followed by the global political economic and cultural influence of the United States spread English worldwide.

What is creolization?

The process through which sustained interaction between cultures produces new blended cultural forms.

What is a creole language?

A distinct language that develops through the blending and interaction of multiple languages.

How is Afrikaans an example of cultural interaction?

Afrikaans developed primarily from Dutch while incorporating influences from other languages in South Africa reflecting its colonial history.

What is the major connection between colonialism and relocation diffusion?

Colonial settlers physically migrated into new territories and carried their cultural traits with them.

Why do historical processes matter for understanding modern cultural geography?

Present-day distributions of languages religions and other cultural traits often reflect earlier migration trade imperialism and colonialism.