Clin Path Lecture 1 Hematology

Pathology

Study of the causes, mechanisms, and effects of diseases, including the examination of body tissues, fluids, and organs

Clinical pathology

Subspecialty of pathology, focuses on the diagnosis and monitoring of diseases based on laboratory testing on various bodily fluids and cells

Categories of clin path (6)

Hematology, chemistry, serology/immunology, transfusion medicine, clinical microscopy, and parasitology

What are some bodily fluids that clinical pathology focuses on

Blood, exudates, effusions, and urine

Hematology clin path

Study of blood

Chemistry clin path

Biochemical properties

Serology/Immunology clin path

Antibodies and antigens

Transfusion medicine clin path

Antibody recognition

Clinical microscopy clin path

Cells under microscope

Parasitology clin path

Its own specialty

Hematology is the science involved with the study of ____ and their _____

Blood cells, formation

A complete blood count (CBC) should contain... (6)

RBC/WBC/platelet counts, hemoglobin concentration, PCV (TS), differential WBC examination, calculation of absolute values, erythrocyte indicies

5 WBCs

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes

What 3 WBCs are granulocytes

Neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils

Hemotology can be studies with a ___ and ___

CBC, blood smear

Scientific name for RBC

Erythrocyte

Scientific name for platelet

Thrombocyte

Thrombo means...

Clotting

Scientific name for WBC

Leukocyte

Whole blood

What is running through your veins, capillaries, and arteries (everything within blood)

What are the 4 parts that whole blood is composed of

RBC, WBC, platelets, and plasma

___% of plasma is in the blood

55

___% of RBC is in the blood

45

___% of WBC/Platelets are in the blood

<1

Plasma

Composed mainly of water, with proteins, hormones/enzymes, nutrients, and gases

What % of water does plasma have in it

90

What are the 3 proteins in plasma

Albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen

What makes up the other 10% of plasma

Proteins (albumin, globulin, and fibrinogen), hormones/enzymes, nutrients, and gases

Serum (serum vs. plasma)

The liquid part of blood AFTER coagulation

Does serum contain clotting factors such as fibrinogen

No

What top would you put the blood in to get serum

Red

Plasma (serum vs plasma)

The liquid cell-free portion of he blood

To obtain plasma whole blood it must first be treated with an _____

Anticoagulant

What top would the blood go in to get plasma

Purple

Different ___ use different components of blood

Tests

Different ____ contain different properties which are needed to ____ or ____ certain components of blood

Tubes, promote, preserve

Tube additives generally can be classified as either _____ or _____

Procoagulants or anticoagulants

Pro-coagulant tubes are

Clot activators

Blood placed in pro-coagulative tubes will yield ____

Serum

Do glass tubes contain additives

No

The glass surface activates

Clotting cascade

Do you need to invert glass tubes

No

Plastic tubes are silicon-coated to initiate

Clot formation

How many times should you invert the pro-coagulant tubes to activate clotting sequence

~5

Plain red top tubes are either ___ or ____

Glass, plastic

Tiger top tubes are known as

Serum separators

Serum separator tubes contain a ____ separator

wax

How many times do you need to invert tiber tops to activate clotting sequence

~5

What are the primary use of pro-coagulant tubes

To obtain serum for blood chemistry

Anticoagulant tubes prevent ___

Clotting

If you take away calcium what happens

Clotting

What are some commonly used anticoagulants (5)

Heparine, EDTA, oxalates, citrates, and fluorides

All tubes containing anticoagulants should be inverted ___ times

~8

The amount of blood required depends on the amount of ___/____ needed for the test and the ____ status of the animal

Serum/plasma, hydration

Enough blood should be collected to run desired test ___ times

3

Pt packed with a cell volume of 50% will yield ___% cells and ___% fluid. Thus a 10 mL sample will yield ___mLs of fluid

50, 50, 5

Dehydrated pt with PCV of 70% sample will yield ___% cella and ___% fluid, thus ___ mL of fluid would be obtained from a 10 mL blood sample

70, 30, 3

It is important to consider _____ with regards to sample volume collected

Patient size

___mL/100 gram of body weight per week is generally a very safe volume

0

Automated analyzers (3)

Impedance analyzers, laser-based flow cytometer, and quantitative buffy coat system

What are the 3 types of blood cells

RBCs, WBCs, and platelets

Are immature RBCs bigger or smaller than mature RBCs

Bigger

Order of cell size smallest to largest

Erythrocytes, lymphocytes, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes

Impedance analyzers

Based on the passage of an electric current across two electrodes seperated by a glass tube with a small opening on one end

In impedance analyzers cell counting occurs by moving a...

Specific volume of cells suspended in a electrolyte solution through the aperture (opening)

In impedance analyzers the volume or size of the cell is proportional to the change in current thus...

Allowing the system to differentiate cells based on sizes

What is a problem with results with impedance analyzers

Results can be affected by cells that may be larger or smaller then their preprogramed thresholds

Laser-based flow cytometry

Uses focused laser beams to evaluate the size and density of solid components

In laser-based flow cytometry cells scatter light differrently depending on the ___ and ___ of the cell and the ____ or ____ of ____

Shape, size, presence, absence, granules

In laser-based flow cytometry the degree and angle at which cells scatter light allows for the enumeration of...

Monocytes, lymphocyes, granulocytes, and erythrocytes

What can be added in laser-based flow cytometry to allow for enumeration of mature and immature RBCs

Dyes

Histograms/scatter plot

Provide a visual represntation of cells within a given sample

In histogrames the ___ are the x axis and the ____ of cells are the y axis in the sample

Sizes, numbers

Scatter plot chart cells based on ____on y-axis and ____ on x-axis

Side fluorescence (SFL), side scatter (SSC)

Histograms/scatter plots cam be used to verify results of the differential ____ and to provide an indication of any problem with test results

Blood cell smear

Normal histogram (3 things)

- Lymphocytes are distributed between 50-100 fL

- Mixed cell population (M, B, E) between 100-150 fL

- Neutrophils between 150-300 fL

Manual cell counts use a ___

Hemocytometer