1. Scale in biology and cells

what does comparative physiology allow to question

origins of life

evolution of different body plans

how biological adaptations have arisen

what does body size / mass dictate in organisms

looks

feeding

movement

how it interacts with its environment

how it interacts with other species

what does isometry mean

scaled up and down to carry out the same function

what does allometry mean

change / variation needed to carry out the same function

what is body mass a function of

cube of linear dimensions (volume)

what is body strength a function of

square of linear dimensions (cross section)

what is the formula for the proportion of surface area

surface area ∝ volume^2/3

what is the formula for the proportion of metabolic rate

metabolic rate ∝ mass^3/4

what is an example of a prokaryote

bacteria

what is an example of a eukaryote

mammalian cell

what are features of a bacteria cell

contains DNA of the organism with no nuclear membrane

can have either flagella or cilia, not both

what is a mammalian cell

nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane

what parts describe the endoplasmic reticulum

rough ER: ribosome studded for protein synthesis

smooth ER: synthesis of membrane lipids

what is the plasma membrane

membrane around cells

what is the function of the golgi apparatus

synthesising, sorting and secretion of proteins

what is the function of lysosomes

digestive enzyme using low pH

what is the function of microvilli

exchange and movement of substances

what is the function of mitochondria

generates ATP from H⁺

what are limiting factors for cells

surface area / volume ratio

time to reach the centre of a cell from the edge

how can the surface area / volume ratio be increased

making it multicellular

what is the proportion equation for diffusion

time ∝ distance²

what are microtubules

hollow tubes that are 25nm with a 15nm lumen

what are microtubules made up of and how do they become longer

tubulin

by adding tubulin dimers

what is the function of microtubules

shape and support the cells

allow organelles to move along

do microtubules resist or allow compression

resist

what are microfilaments made up of

2 intertwined strands of actin that are 7nm

how can microfilaments appear as

linear filaments throughout the cell

structural network for other proteins to bind to

do microfilaments resist or allow tension

resist

where are microtubules and microfilaments found

in all eukaryotic cells

what is the difference between flagella and cilia

flagella is longer

what are statistical observations

a record of a single individual at a single point in time that information can be collected from

what are statistical variables

anything that can be measured or categorised in an observation

what are covariates

quantiative variables consisting of number values

what types of factors are there

nominal 

ordinal

what are nominal factors

levels of no inherent hierarchy

what are ordinal factors

levels that are ordered categories