science 24-27

the feel of animal behavior involves a lot of planning and cinsideration to avoid

bias

occurs when the behavior of an animal is viewed through the lens of human behavior

anthropomorphism

sometimes animals can perform a behavior that from the perspective of humans, is similar to human beahvior, although

it may have different contextual meaning for the animal

what is an example on animal an human behavior appearing the same, but having different contextual meaning

pan troglodytes bare their teeth as an act of submission when they re fearful, while humans do it when they are happy

although it conflicts with factual evidence, it is common to

empathize with animals by comparing their behavior to our own

empathy is a form of — that can cause incorrect intepretations of animal behavior

bias

why is some leaves of anthropomorphism needed for broader interpretations of the inner state of animals

we cannot communicate with animals the same way we do with humans

animal behavior researches are to what when describing and evaluating animal behavior

interpret form the animals point of view and not inserting their own feelings

animal behavior researchers have a multitude of tools they can use to

objectively measure and infer the meaning of behavior of animals

researchers using tools to objectively measure and infer animal behavior strikes a balance between

humanizing animals behavior and treating them as robotic machines

what was a the earliest form of animal behavior research

simple observation

these groups of people examine the world around them and record their theories

early scientist and philosopher s

observational studies range from

viewing waht an individual does over time to observing how groups of animals behave in specific scenarios

observational studies of animal behavior are

hypothesis driven

what does animal behavior being hypothesis driven mean

a scientist develops a prediction, using one of tinbergens 4 questions, about why and animal acts a certain way

observational studies describe the frequency of a

behavior, or the number of instances that behavior occurs

the actual reasons behaviors occur cannot be derived solely from

obersrvational study

waht can help give insight to what specific behaviors are adaptive in some way

comparing observations between two similar species tha live in different climates or altitudes

observational studies make conclusions based on —- , although further research is needed to draw precise conclusions

what behaviors occur, and under what conditions

researchers often use observational study to learn more about their subject species, then

develop a more complex research design that utilizes manipulation in some way

without manipulation

cause and effect cannot be determined

manipulation can be

natural or artificial

an example of natural manipulation

the study of a species before and after an extreme weather event

what did many animal behavior reseearchers take advantage of

the covid 19 pandemic, to examine areas where humans and animals had frequent interaction

how did they see the impact of human activity on animals using covid 19

they observed the animals before and after covid 19, when there was much less humans outside

why are natural observations tricky

they are unpredictable and scientist must have made prior observations in the area before any major change occurred

why are artificial manipulations easier than natural

they are controlled by researchers in some way

artificial manipulations are

limited and often very temporary, so as to not disturb the wildlife in any lasting negative way

artificial forms of manipulation help researchers

draw more concrete casual relationships between behavior and the enviroment

what is a caveat of viewing anaiamsl in their natural habitat

it introduces lots of variable that can affect behavior

animals in the wild can be influenced by things that

may not be obvious to the human observer, depending on the animals ability to sense things beyond the range of human perception

to make consistent conclusions about the reasons why animals behave in specific ways,

consistent and replicable behaviors need to be measured e

easiest way to understand direct cause and effect of stimuli on behvario

lab studies

lab study perk

control group

lab studies can more directly measure bio signals like

brain wave and heart rate

a method of creating a standardized measures for animal behavior

ethogram

ethograms use

a detailed description of behavior to quantify the frequency or types of behavior exhibited

ethnograms are used in lab study, observational study, and

to study the health and welfare of all types of animals in captivity

ethnograms are

detailed written information that can be used by other scientist to measure the exact same behavior

ethogram is created

before the data collection and must be sure the described behavior cannot be confused with a ny other behavior

ethnigrams also determine how

often to record a behavior

ethograms create a set point in Timw when observation are records, and this often offers

a snapshot of the frequency at which a behavior occurs

inter rater reliability is when inter rater reliability

the results of two or more researchers are compared for accuracy

higher inter seater reliability mean s

closer conclusion

downside of video recordings

behavior can only be studied at one angle at a teen and in one location, and when recordingg in th wild, the subject may leave or be obscured

recently been utilized in animal behavior research

machine learning

machine learning helps minimize

bias, as they only score on strict visual criteria

how can bias creep back into machine learning

the machine still requires input from humans

explores how genes and the environment interact to influence behavior

bahevioral genetics

the presence of a gene does not garuntee it will be performed, but

it can increase the chance of it occurring

by tracing back similarities between genetics of animal, we can

make inferences on how behavior has changed over time, and why those behaviors are important

studyingg genetic changes can help explain

why some individuals are more susceptible to environmental factors than others

offers scientist a way to understand why and how traits have evolved

comparative biology

in comparative bio, scientist can look at

molecular similarities, such as hormones ans how th brain is organized

molecules found in insects have been founded to serve the same function as molecules found in

mammals , such as humans

dopamine is in almost every animals and controls

feeding behaviors

dopamine is

necessary for life