BIO exam 2022 questions and answers

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15 Terms

1
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What is the medieval concept that placed all living things in a hierarchical order with humans at the top?

The chain of being.

2
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What theory gained acceptance in the early to mid 1900s as an explanation for how species change over time?

Darwin's theory of natural selection.

3
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What key concept today incorporates ideas from genetics and molecular biology to explain evolution?

Evolutionary theory.

4
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What trait in humans has improved over time for better light and color detection?

Eyesight.

5
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What type of selection is described when orange-winged butterflies experience increased predation compared to grey-winged butterflies?

Directional selection.

6
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What does Hamilton’s rule express about reproductive altruism?

r × B > C, where r is relatedness, B is fitness benefit, and C is fitness cost.

7
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What are evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) in conservation?

Populations that hold important genetic diversity and adaptive traits.

8
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What process occurs when bright colours and ornamentation become fixed in a population?

Sexual selection.

9
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What does phylogenetic conservatism refer to?

The tendency of species to retain ancestral characteristics over long periods.

10
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What differentiates whakapapa from phylogeny?

Whakapapa includes cultural relationships, while phylogeny is solely biological.

11
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What does the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution suggest?

Coevolution dynamics occur over large geographic ranges rather than local populations.

12
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What ecological feature can influence the mating success of male peacocks according to the Red Queen Hypothesis?

Their colourful tails.

13
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What three key sources of variation affect species interactions in coevolution?

Trait variation, selection mosaics, coevolutionary hotspots and coldspots.

14
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What evidence can be seen for eco-evolutionary dynamics?

Organisms modifying their environment influencing their evolution and other species, e.g., beaver dams.

15
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What characterizes the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium theory?

It sets assumptions for genetic variation in a population at equilibrium.