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What is the medieval concept that placed all living things in a hierarchical order with humans at the top?
The chain of being.
What theory gained acceptance in the early to mid 1900s as an explanation for how species change over time?
Darwin's theory of natural selection.
What key concept today incorporates ideas from genetics and molecular biology to explain evolution?
Evolutionary theory.
What trait in humans has improved over time for better light and color detection?
Eyesight.
What type of selection is described when orange-winged butterflies experience increased predation compared to grey-winged butterflies?
Directional selection.
What does Hamilton’s rule express about reproductive altruism?
r × B > C, where r is relatedness, B is fitness benefit, and C is fitness cost.
What are evolutionarily significant units (ESUs) in conservation?
Populations that hold important genetic diversity and adaptive traits.
What process occurs when bright colours and ornamentation become fixed in a population?
Sexual selection.
What does phylogenetic conservatism refer to?
The tendency of species to retain ancestral characteristics over long periods.
What differentiates whakapapa from phylogeny?
Whakapapa includes cultural relationships, while phylogeny is solely biological.
What does the geographic mosaic theory of coevolution suggest?
Coevolution dynamics occur over large geographic ranges rather than local populations.
What ecological feature can influence the mating success of male peacocks according to the Red Queen Hypothesis?
Their colourful tails.
What three key sources of variation affect species interactions in coevolution?
Trait variation, selection mosaics, coevolutionary hotspots and coldspots.
What evidence can be seen for eco-evolutionary dynamics?
Organisms modifying their environment influencing their evolution and other species, e.g., beaver dams.
What characterizes the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium theory?
It sets assumptions for genetic variation in a population at equilibrium.