Animal Science 1

Meat has a high ___ value, where all the amino acids humans need are present in the right amounts.

Biological

Which of the following species has the longest gestation period?

Cattle

Market weight for goats is:

60-80lbs

How much beef is the average American consuming?

58lbs

Vertical integration refers to

control of 2 or more industry segments, or one firm owning or partially owning multiple parts

What percent of California dairy diets is byproducts

40%

What grading system is used to predict flavor (marbling) and marketed to the consumer?

Quality

A producer who raises specialized animals that are selected on their genetic value is called a ___ producer.

Purebred/Seedstock

Factors that affect milk production

All of the above

How are beef cattle sorted?

All the above

Reasons for Sheep decline are

All of the above

The genetic base for what breeds is narrowing?

Dairy, Swine

The feed conversion rate for cattle is:

6:1

The feed conversion for poultry is:

1.75:1

The feed conversion for pigs is:

3:1

The feed conversion for goats/sheep is:

4:1

The #1 dairy state is:

California

How has the dairy industry increased efficiency and sustainability?

All of the above

The length of gestation in cattle is approximately:

270 days (9 months)

The goal of Sheep producers is to have what type of lambing percentage rate?

200%

Goats adapt to a greater variety of environments due to:

All of the above

Beef Heifers are typically bred at what age?

15 months

What are the factors that affect yield grade?

All of the above

Which of the following is true regarding pasteurization?

Helps increase shelf life and protects the flavor of the milk

Gestation length for sheep is:

147 days

Beef cattle are typically harvested at what weight?

1100-1500lbs

Which types of goats are polyestrous?

Meat and Fiber

Sheep provide humans with?

Meat, Fiber, Hide

Mature intact male cattle are called?

Bull

Castrated swine are called?

Barrow

Castrated goats are called?

Wether

Meat products made from mature sheep are called?

Mutton

Mature female goats are called?

Doe

Intact male swine are called?

Boar

Young intact male horses are called?

Colt

The period of time an animal is pregnant is called?

Gestation

The time a female is receptive to male, also referred to as “standing heat“ is called?

Estrus

Castrated horses are called?

Gelding

A group of producers that ensure breed traits is called a?

Breed Association

Young female swine are called?

Gilt

When a female produces milk at the time of giving birth its called?

Freshen

The scientific term for goat is?

Caprine

Meat products made from young cattle are called?

Veal

Young female horses are called?

Filly

Mature intact male chickens are called?

Rooster

Young intact goats are called?

buckling

the scientific term for chickens is?

Galine

Mature female cattle, that have a had a calf, are called?

Cow

What breed is an all black cow?

Angus

The purebred segment markets primarily to

Cow/calf operations

Cattle British breeds

Angus, Higher Quality Grade

Continental Breeds

Maine-Anjou, Higher yield grade

A young beef animal is referred to as:

calf

The beef industry segment that primarily utilizes grassland/pasture while the cattle are growing is the

Stocker

Which is the best beef quality grade?

Prime

Which state has the greatest population of beef cattle?

Texas

How much lamb is consumed in the US per year?

1 lb

US top sheep state?

Texas

Where are sheep mostly located in the US?

West Coast (low humidity)

What were the uses of sheep during ww2

Fiber, food

What did the national wool act of 1954 do?

Incentivized the raising of sheep by offering money, and ensured the US would be ready for another war

When do sheep breed?

Sheep are seasonal breeders, they breed in the fall and lamb in the spring

What is a sheep’s average estrous cycle?

17 days

How long are sheep in Estrus (standing heat)?

30 hours

California is in what number in production?

3rd

Dairy goats

• selected for milk production traits

• seasonal breeders in fall/winter

• 2-3 kids

Meat Goats

• Polyestrous (breed throughout the year)

• Selected and bred for muscle tissue

• High twinning rate

Fiber Goats

• Angora - 8-12lbs of fiber per year

• Small framed

• single births

• Polyestrous (breed throughout the year)

• require dry environment

Kiko -Meat Goat

• Hardy, fast growth, and survivability with little input from the producer

• Slow to catch on in the United States

• Gained popularity in recent years, in the southeast and other humid areas due to good parasite resistance and mother ability

• Decent twinning rate, but moderately smaller than other breeds

Boer -Meat Goat

• Rapid growth rate, and excellent carcass qualities

• Highly adaptable to different environments

• The first full-blood Boers were brought to the US in 1993 – to Texas

• Most popular in US

• Traditionally white body and a red head

Texmaster -Meat Goat

• pretty small in structure

• excellent mothering skills

• kids have high survivability

• hardy and parasite resistant

Alpine -Dairy Goat

• aka French Alpine

• medium to large frame

• Alert/erect ears

• All colors except all white, or all brown with black points

LaMancha -Dairy Goat

• any color/combination

• either have gopher or elf ear, both short

• more likely to get ear infections

• high butter fat/milk fat content

Nubian -Dairy Goat

• Long floppy ears***

• bell shaped ears

• cannot be white ore brown with black points

Saanan -Dairy Goat

• All white***

• produces greatest amount of milk 3+ gallons

• originated in switzerland

Oberhasli -Dairy Goat

• Swiss Dairy Goat

• low milk production***

• Typically bay/chamoisee to and deeper red with some black markings

Toggenburg - Dairy Goat

• Solid colored light to dark brown

• White markings- face, rump, legs

Angora -Fiber Goat

• Only type of goat used for fiber

Wet Cow

Cow that is lactating (wet 305 days of the year)

Dry Cow

Cow not producing milk (allows cows to reset their udders and fix things inside themselves)

Springing heifer

Heifer close to calving

1st lactation heifer

1^st lactation cow that is still growing (not called a cow until second round of lactation) (not uncommon for them to get mastitis)

What type of production system is used with swine?

All-In-All-Out- a production system where a group of animals enters and leaves a facility at the same time (biosecurity)

How much pork is consumed in the US per year?

51 lbs per person

Average litter size for pigs

11

#1 state in pig production

Iowa

Pig market weight

280 lbs

When do chickens reach maturity

20 weeks

how many eggs do chickens produce per year approx?

150

When do turkeys reach maturity?

30 weeks

Class -Chickens

A group of birds from the same geographic region

Breed - Chickens

same physical features: Body type, size, skin color, # of toes, feathered legs/ not feathered

Variety - Chickens

subdivision of breed, looking closer at physical characteristics: Feather color, comb type, presence or absence of muff (feathers around face)

How many varieties of turkeys are there?

There are 8 varieties of turkeys, but most turkeys grown for meat are white, All industry turkeys are white. Large White, Bronze (most like wild turkey), Bourbon Red, Royal Palm. Wild turkeys lay sandy brown eggs