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What influence the geographical area of Haiti in the outbreak of cholera?
-magnitude 7.0 earthquake
-Conservative plate boundary of North American and Caribbean plate
-Colour is an infectious contagious disease
The Epidemic started October 2010 and there were 8111 deaths by June 2013
What environmental factors influence the spread of cholera in Haiti?
The climate is humid and tropical with 20° C at night which increases bacterial growth and 209 mm of rain following the outbreak which caused flooding of contaminated sewage
What are the human factors on the spread of cholera?
1) poverty, 80% of people below the poverty line, Only 40% have access to healthcare
2) Water supply only 69% of people have access to clean water
3) Population density of 362 per kilometre squared
4) Intra regional migration after the earthquake means people were overcrowded in refugee Camps
5) International aid from nepal Brought the disease to begin with
What impact has cholera had on the population?
Fatality rate of 1.2%
7% of the population infected
Increase food prices as farmers refused to harvest from paddyfields and people refused to eat fish from the river (Livestock prices increased)
riots due to panic from the outbreak in which 5 people died
What were the national Strategies to minimise impact?
Short term: There were community health agents to visit homes And treat people
Long-term: There was a national plant to increase access to clean water to 85%
What were the local international strategies of the NGO the Red Cross in reducing the impact of cholera?
1) disinfecting a vulnerable communities
Pro is that the training of local people in disinfection prevents the spread
Con is that there was a cost for the chlorine spray and protective clothing
2) Hygiene awareness of communities
Pro is that the community based health and first aid CBHFA trains two volunteers per community and over 35 voodoo priests in preventing and combating stigma
Con is that there were misconceptions leading to stigma towards sufferers and sometimes the CFHFA Were Violently targeted
What were the national international strategies of the NGO the Red Cross in reducing the impact of cholera?
1) colour treatment centre in port-au-princE
Pro Is that cases were stabilised? (however not in rule communities Due to limited infrastructure and transport) People were transported to the centres on donkeys
Is that the rainy Season retches treatment centres
2) National advice on SMS
Pro is that it reached to wide audience and 130,000 people called the Red Cross info line (which was advertised by the SMS)
Con Is that nearly 40% of people don’t own a phone in Haiti And only 61% have access so rural areas did not receive the texts
What was the impact on cancers due to air pollution in India?
There was A 20% increase in non-cancers in the last 10 years
Long function is reduced 40% in Delhi
What are the national strategies to reduce air pollution in India?
The National clean air programme NCAP set up air quality monitors
The government aim to reduce particular matter by 30% of 2017 levels
However, economic growth is still prioritised and targets are not legally binding
What are the global strategies in reducing pollution in India?
International climate change policies
The world health organisation report of 2020 developed outlines to assist National governments in policy making
Annual world cancer day raises awareness
What are some social economic impacts of cancer in the UK?
35,000 deaths each year arevfrom working age groups , sufferers may leave their jobs Permanently or survivors may struggle with pain and will have to change jobs. Individuals unable to work could’ve contributed £585 million to the UK economy if they were able to work in 2018
What are the social causes for cancer in the UK?
Lifestyle choices for example, poor diet smoking alcohol abuse
What are the economic causes for cancer in the UK?
Increase in sunbathing changes in diet for example, more processed food and red meat
De industrialisation Has had an impact on cancers as deprivation increases factors which caused cancer
What are the cultural causes of cancer in the UK?
Social pressures to smoke and drink and be tan
What is the Prevalence incident and patterns of cancer in the UK
Highest rates of cancer in the Northeast, lowest in London
Nearly 300,000 people registered with cancer in 2014 mostly men
Breast prostate and lung are the most common
The patterns match patterns of deprivation as deprivation needs to an Unhealthy lifestyle
More than 50% of cases are in people age 70 and over (Disease of elderly) elderly
What are some direct strategies in reducing cases of cancer in the UK?
Investment into radiotherapy early diagnosis and intervention
Mass screening Early diagnosis
Major investments into cancer research ,genetic engineering and drug development
What are some indirect strategies for dealing with cancer in the UK?
Legislations on age limits for sunbeds and cigarettes. E.g new cog law
Education campaigns and publicity campaigns
Advice on UV intensity
What is Hagger Strand diffusion model?
For patterns
First expansion diffusion-One source and spreads outwards area of origin stays infected
Second relocation diffusion-Disease leaves area of origin and moves to a new area
Third contagious diffusion-Spread through direct contact with the origin
Hierarchical diffusion-Spread through structure sequence of locations usually Urban to rural
The neighbourhood effect is the probability of context between those infected and not infected based on the population density in a 5 km x 5 km. Square
What is omrans model?
Epidemiological transition- In the western model death rate Falls birth rate falls also
Delayed model is death rate increases but birth rate is also increasing
The spread of disease to social factors with demographic transition and population age structures
What is the world health organisations role in prediction and mitigation of diseases?
Data collection, tech support, research and monitoring, publishing world health statistics, funding research projects, delivering emergency aid, taking leading rolls.
what are, the environmental causes of the spread of malaria in Ethiopia
Warm humid climate prime habitat for mosquitoes, Hot temperature means lava develop faster
Rainfall means stagnant water for laying eggs
Higher altitude equals less stagnant water, cooler and less populated which is less suitable for mosquitoes
What are the human causes of Malaria in Ethiopia
Urbanisation= Flooded building sites and dumped rubbish attract mosquitoes
Population movements during harvest season Spreads the parasite
Irrigation systems E.G.flooding of Paddy fields
What are the social economic impacts of malaria In Ethiopia?
Food and security as farmers do not want to farm the potential fertile land of the Lowlands due to fear of malaria (causing famines)
Health services stretched from malaria with 40% expenditure on malaria
5 million cases per year and 70,000 deaths. This means people are absent from work which equals a slowing economy which equals a deprivation cycle
What are the direct strategies in reducing malaria cases? (eradicating mosquitoes)
Spraying houses with insecticide
Reducing Larvae sources
Insecticide treated bed nets
What are the indirect strategies in reducing malaria?
Bed nets
Publicity campaigns to raise Awareness
Who are the responses To malaria and Ethiopia organised by?
The president’s Malaria initiative (PMI) which receives $43 million a year in grants
There is also the world health organisations global rollback malaria plan (RBM)
What are the growing conditions for the opium poppy?
High temperatures of 30 to 38° C
Long days and short nights
Moderate water and a variety of of soil types
What is the international trade of the Opium poppy like?
Legal - India, Turkey, Tasmania for medicinal use only (controlled by the UN)
600,000 employed in Turkey in 2005
Income of $60 million per year in export
Illegal - Afghanistan, Burma, Thailand, Columbia
90% of the world solicit opium is in Afghanistan with 200,000 ha
Opium is 14% of Afghanistan GDP
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