Biology 1450 Exam 1: University of Nebraska Omaha

What is an Ionic Bond?

A bond in which electrons are not shared between atoms, but rather ions of opposite charges stick to each other.

What is the important property of the functional groups without oxygen

Their occurrence results in a less-even distribution of electrons over the molecules surface

How are monomers broken apart

Through Hydrolysis

How many amino acids are commonly used to build polypeptides?

20

Each monomer for nucleic acids are made of what 3 parts?

a phosphate, a ribose sugar (or its derivative, as deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base

What is a functional group that can link to lipids

Phosphates

Are lipids linked with Phosphate groups hydrophilic or hydrophobic?

the molecule has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions

What are emergent properties?

features of complex systems that occur only when the parts of systems can interact intact.

What is ecosystem dynamics

dependence of organisms on their environment to meet energy and matter needs

Organisms have mechanics to perceive...

internal and external status

Organisms have mechanics to respond with...

appropriate physiological change

Perception implies...

a perceptive mechanism capable of physically interacting with stimulus

Unequal ability to survive and reproduce will lead to...

the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over successive generations

Chemical reactions make/break/rearrange

electron bonds

Carbon and Hydrogen have...

similar affinities for electrons

Non-polar molecules interact through...

induced dipoles

Induced dipoles are proven with

Vanderwaal's forces and London dispersion force difference

Equilibrium is influenced by

concentrations of chemical and system energy

Phospholipids are made from

fatty acids

Other lipids share hydrophobic property, but not necessarily

structured similarly

What does the catalyst function do

Assists in a chemical reaction without being used up in the process

What does the protein transport function do?

Moving materials in and out of the cell

What is the front end of an amino acid

N-terminal end

What is the back end of an amino acid

C-terminal end

What is the nature of information transfer between nucleic acids during gene expression, protein synthesis, and during DNA replication

COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING

How big are Prokaryotic cells

100 nanometers to 10 micrometers

How big are eukaryotic cells

10 micrometers to 100 Mm

What is the Central Dogma

The transmission and employment of biological information in the form of DNA

Describe the process of the Central Dogma

DNA transcribes RNA which translates to protein

What is a Covalent Bond?

A bond in which electrons might be shared equally or un-equally to form polar or non-polar bonds.

What is an Hydrogen Bond?

A bond in which neighboring polar molecules may align through interactions between partially positive and partially negative regions.

# of bonds that commonly form between Carbon

4

# of bonds that commonly form between Nitrogen

3

# of bonds that commonly form between Oxygen

2

# of bonds that commonly form between Hydrogen

1

What element are "molecular skeletons" made from

Carbon

How can we distinguish between structural and geometric isomers?

By looking at how the covalent bonds are arranged

How may a Carbon skeleton be modified?

By changing the atoms (or groups of atoms) that are bound to the Carbons

What is a "functional group"

the atoms (or groups of atoms) that are bound to Carbons

Name the important functional groups that contain oxygen

Hydroxyl, Carbonyl, and Carboxyl

Name the important functional groups that don't contain oxygen

Amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate

Name the 4 major groups of biological molecules that make up a majority of cell structures

Lipid, Nucleic Acids, Carbohydrates, Proteins

Carbohydrate Monomer?

Monosaccharide

Carbohydrate Polymer?

Polysaccharide

Protein Monomer?

Amino Acid

Protein Polymer?

Polypeptide

Nucleic Acid monomer

Nucleotide

Nucleic Acid Polymer

Polynucleotide

How are monomers linked together?

Through a condensation reaction with accompanying dehydration

Carbohydrate Polymers can have different properties because of?

the orientation of the covalent bonds

Lipid monomer?

They don't have one

Are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Hydrophobic

How can lipids be modified to be hydrophilic

By linking themselves to hydrophilic moieties or adding functional groups

How do phospholipids arrange themselves?

In lipid bilayers

Can any of the four groups of bio molecules be joined together to make a composite molecule?

YES

All cells have what in common?

they are bound by a cell/plasma membrane that encloses cytoplasm

What is the central landmark of a eukaryotic cell

Nucleus

What is the innermost starting point for the endomembrane system?

Nucleus

What organelles have membranes but are not part of the endomembrane system?

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

What is the endosymbiotic origin?

When a prokaryotic organism was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell

Biology is limited in what?

time and space

What is contingency

Past historical events contribute to life being as it today

What is Science?

An approach to knowing about the world through the collection of observation and the systematic application of the reason to understand with is goin on in the world and how things work

What is an hypothesis

An educated guess about something

What makes a good hypothesis?

If it is testable and can be disproven

Can a hypothesis be proven?

No, it can be supported or disproven

What is reductionism?

Studying complex systems by taking them apart and studying the individual components

What ways is DNA used?

To make copies of themselves and to issue instructions

What is the continuity of life?

The transmission of DNA

What do feedback and perception mechanisms regulate

Biological systems

Response implies

physiological outcome connected to the perception event

Each organism seems well suited to each environment shows

Diversity

Evolutionary theory proposes...

similarity between organisms (cellular, genetic, and biochemical) and differences between organisms (Variation of features during reproduction)

Darwin's theory of evolution infers

1.members of population vary in traits, 2.traits are transmitted to offspring, 3.all species are capable of reproducing at a rate exceeding the replacement rate, and 4.differential survival results from competition among individuals

Individuals within a variable population with traits that give higher chance of survival will tend to...

have more offspring

Chemical properties of an atom depend on...

Structure of its atom (# of protons and electrons)

Formation and function of molecules results from...

chemical bonding between atoms

How far can matter be divided and maintain its chemical properties

to the atom

Different kinds of atom are distinguished by

number of associated electrons

What is the charge when an electron is lost

+1

What is the charge when an electron is gained

-1

When an atom is stable it has...

a full outer shell

Each element has a distinct affinity. What is that?

Strength of attraction

When atoms of the same element share electrons, electrons are...

evenly distributed

What happens when an ionic compound is added to water?

Individual ions separate and are dispersed among the water molecules

Interacting molecules fit together due to

complementary shapes

What is a chemical reaction?

A rearrangement of atoms and the bonds that hold them together

During chemical reactions energy may be...

released or absorbed

Some chemical reactions are easily...

removable

What is cohesion

Water's ability to stick together

What is adhesion

Water's ability to stick to surfaces

More energy is needed to change what in water

ENERGY

Frozen over lakes are an example of what?

Insulation

Ice is less dense than water because

water molecules are forced into an ordered structure in which they are further apart from each other

What is the medium in which most biological processes occur

Water

Water interacts closely with charges or partially charged regions on the surface of the molecule to form...

The Hydration Shell

A free proton is...

H+

Acidic solutions contain a lot of

H+

Basic solutions contain a lot of

-OH

Low PH means

High Protons