Chemistry Midterm Review 2024

4 Signs of a Chemical Reaction

Energy is released, production of gas, formation of percipitate, change in color

What does (s) mean?

solid

What does (g) mean?

gas

what does (l) mean?

liquid

what does (aq) mean?

dissolved in water

What does a down arrow mean?

a solid precipitate is formed

what does an up arrow mean?

a gaseous precipitate is formed

what does a triangle abouve the yield sign mean?

reactants were heated

What does an element or compound above the yield sign mean?

catalyst was added to speed up the reaction

X + Y —> XY

synthesis

XY —> X + Y

decomposition

A + BC —> AC + B

single replacement

AB + CD —> AD + CB

double replacement

CxHy + O2 —> CO2 + H2O

combustion

What elements are diatomic when they are by themselves?

BrINClHOF

What is the periodic trend for atomic size from top to bottom in a group?

increases

What is the periodic trend for first ionization energy and electronegativity from top to bottom in a group?

decreases

What is the periodic trend for atomic size from left to right in a period?

decreases

What is the periodic trend for first ionization energy and electronegativity from left to right in a period?

increases

What is the energy used to remove an atom from a neutral atom?

ionization energy

What is the energy used to remove the outermost electron?

first ionization energy

Why do atoms get smaller as you move left to right in a period?

electrons pull closer to the nucleus

What sublevels exist in the 1st energy level?

s

What sublevels exist in the 2nd energy level?

s and p

What sublevels exist in the 3rd energy level?

s, p, and d

What sublevels exist in the 4th energy level?

s, p, d, and f

How many orbitals are possible in the s sublevel?

1

How many orbitals are possible in the p sublevel?

3

How many orbitals are possible in the d sublevel?

5

How many orbitals are possible in the f sublevel?

7

How many electrons can fit in the 1st energy level?

2

How many electrons can fit in the 2nd energy level?

8

How many electrons can fit in the 3rd energy level?

18

How many electrons can fit in the 4th energy level?

32

Which polyatomic ion is PO4³-?

Phosphate

Which polyatomic ion is PO3³-?

Phosphite

Which polyatomic ion is SO4²-?

sulfate

Which polyatomic ion is SO3²-

sulfite

Which polyatomic ion is CO3²-

Carbonate

Which polyatomic ion is HCO3^-?

hydrogen carbonate

Which polyatomic ion is CrO4²-

Chromate

Which polyatomic ion is Cr2O7²-?

dichromate

Which polyatomic ion is NO3^-?

nitrate

Which polyatomic ion is NO2^-?

nitrite

Which polyatomic ion is ClO4^-?

perchlorate

Which polyatomic ion is ClO3^-?

chlorate

Which polyatomic ion is ClO2^-?

chlorite

Which polyatomic ion is ClO^-?

hypochlorite

Which polyatomic ion is NH4+?

ammonium

Which polyatomic ion is MnO4-?

permanganate

Which polyatomic ion is C2H3O2?

acetate

Which polyatomic ion is CN-?

cyanide

Which polyatomic ion is OH-?

hydroxide

Which formula for writing compounds includes a roman numeral?

transition metals

Which formula for writing compunds includes an -ide at the end of the second element with no roman numeral?

group a metals

Which formula for writing compunds includes a prefix at the beginning of the element suggesting the number of atoms of that element?

nonmetals

What is a rigid substance with a definite shape?

solid

What has a definite volume, but takes the shape of the container?

liquid

What takes the shape and volume of its container?

gas

What is a gaseous substance that is normally a solid or liquid at room temperature?

vapor

What is 2 or more substances mixed together, has an indefinite composition, and can be physically separated into 2 pure substances?

mixture

What is only one substance, has a fixed composition, and all samples have identical physical properties?

pure substance

What is only one substance, with a fixed composition, who all have samples with identical physical properties?

element

What has more than one type of element chemically bonded together and can be chemically separated into elements?

compound

What type of mixture has one phase, looks the same throughout, has uniform composition, and is evenly mixed?

homogeneous

What type of mixture is not uniform in composition, looks different throughout, will usually settle over time, and has 2 phases?

heterogeneous

Is spaghetti sauce an element, compund, or mixture?

mixture

Is air an element, compound, or mixture?

mixture

Is table sugar an element, compound, or a mixture?

compound

Is nitrogen an element, compound, or a mixture?

element

What involves a change in 1+ physical properties but has no change in composition?

physical change

What changes a substance into 1+ new substances?

chemical change

What law states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical or physical change?

law of conservation of mass

What term means a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed again into a liquid?

distillation

What term means using a barrier to separate a solid from a liquid?

filtration

Who was the father of the periodic table, arranged elements by increasing atomic mass, and predicted properties of elements not yet discovered?

mendeleev

Who arranged the periodic table by increasing atomic number?

mosley

What type of elements are lustrous, malleable, and are good conductors of heat and electricity?

metals

What type of elements are elements that do not share the properties of metals?

nonmetals

What type of elements share some, but not all of the properties of metals?

metalloids

What term means shiny or reflective of light?

lustrous

What term means capable of being shaped?

malleable

What group contains alkali metals?

group 1

What group contains alkaline earth metals?

group 2

What groups contain transition metals?

groups 3-12

What group contains halogens?

group 17

What group contains noble gases?

group 18

What is defined as ½ of the distance between the nuclei of identical atoms that are bonded together?

atomic radius

What increases across the periodic table, but stays consistent down groups?

ENC

What is the tendency for the atom to attract electrons to itself in a chemical bond?

electronegativity

What stays constant from left to right in a periodic table but increases down the table?

shielding

What is the distance between 2 points on a wave?

wavelength

What is the number of wave cycles per second?

frequency

What is the max height of a wave measured from the origin?

amplitude

What is the energy that exhibits wave-like behavior, traveling in space?

electromagnetic radiation

What is the order of the electromagnetic spectrum?

radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, uv, x rays, gamma rays

What characteristics are low at the beginning of the spectrum but high at the end of the spectrum?

frequency and energy

What characteristic is long at the beginning of the spectrum but short at the end of the spectrum?

wavelength

What is the formula C=(wavelength)(frequency)?

speed of light

What is the range of nm in the visible spectrum?

400-750nm