Ch19 - Module 1

Common Featurs of Substance Abuse

What negative outcomes are associated with alcohol abuse?

1. Vehicle Accidents
2. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
3. Liver cirrhosis
4. Korsakoff’s syndrome
5. Increased risk of heart disease & stroke

What are the naegative outcomes of smokine nicotine?

1. Increased risk of lung cancer
2. Heart Attack
3. Stroke
4. Small, less healthy babies

What are the categories of drugs of abuse?

1. Licit (legal - nicotine, alcohol)
2. Illicit (illegal - heroin)
3. Prescription (oxycodone)
4. Nonprescription (inhalants)
5. Naturally Derived (marijuana)
6. Synthetic (methamphetamine)

What is substance use disorder?

characterized by impaired control over the use of the substance, desires to reduce the intake amounts or unsuccessful attempts to do so, large amounts of time dedicated to obtaining the drug, drug cravings, failure to meet social obligations, experiencing tolerance or withdrawal

________ drugs produce pleasurable effects when eaten, drunk, or smoked

recreational

Most drugs except for ___________ have reinforcement effects

Hallucinogens

Which of the following routes does not increase the abuse potential of a drug:

a. snorting

b. oral administration

c. smoking

d. injecting

oral administration; a slower route that delays reinforcement and does not activate the reinforcement pathway

The effectiveness of a reinforcing stimulus is greatest if it occurs _____________

immediately after a response

What factors contribute to reinforcement?

1. Lipid solubility
2. Expectations of euphoric effects
3. Drug administration

All natural reinforces have one physiological effect in common: ____________

the release of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens; a necessary cause for positive reinforcement

The process of substance abuse begins the the ____________

mesolimbic dopaminergic system

The first changes after drug intake begin in the _________

ventral tegmental area due to the insertion of AMPA receptors in the postsynapses on dopaminergic neurons

A single injection of a reinforcing drug produces synpatic strengthening in the VTA that lasts about ______ days

5

Synaptic changes responsible for the compulsive behaviours after continued drug use appear to occur in the ---------- because the ------- plays a critical role in operant conditioning

dorsal striatum; basal ganglia

The control of compulsive drug-taking behaviour is established by the interactions between the ------ that are mediated by -------

ventral & dorsal siratum; dopaminergic connections between these regions of the VTA

After continued use of a drug, the compulsion to continue taking the drugs stems from __________

drug-related cues that give rise to the urge to perform drug-seeking behaviours

Increased of the dopamine ______ receptors cause excitation and faciliate behaviours

D1

Decreases in dopamine _____ receptors cause inhibition and supress behaviours

D2

Inhibiting the firing of interneurons by ______ methods blocks the reinforcing effect of cocaine

optogenetic

The likelihood of developing substance abuse is a function of _________

1. Genetic Factors
2. Age (the prefrontal cortex)
3. Environmental Factors

Adolescents are more likely to engage in substance abuse because of _________

an immature prefrontal cortex

Thompson and colleagues (2004) found decreases in the gray matter volume of the cingulate cortex and limbic cortex of people who abused ______

metamphetmaines & cocaine

Zhang and colleagues (2011) found decreased gray matter in the prefrontal cortex that was proportional to the amount of people’s lifetime _______ use

Tobacco

The prevalence of hospitalization for schizophrenia was 2.3 times higher in recruits who smoked ____ cigarettes daily

10

The phenomenon ________ refers to a behaviour that turns off or reduces the reinforcement of an aversive stimulus

negative reinforcement

In the context of behaviour, positive means ------- and negative means -------

adding something to the learning environment; taking something away

In the context of behaviour, reinforcement means -------- while punishment means ---------

increasing the likelihood of a behaviour occuring in the future; decreasing the likelihood of a behaviour occuring in the future

Craving has been investigated through a _________ model of drug seeking

reinstatement

The _________ of the brain plays a role in extinction and reinstatement of drug use

prefrontal cortex

The ------- plays a role in craving and the --------- plays a role in its suppression

dACC; vmPFC

An important link between stressful experiences and drug craving is provided by _________________

corticotrophin-releasing hormone