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Last updated 11:26 PM on 6/21/26
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112 Terms

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Q: What is a natural disaster? A: A dangerous event caused by nature that harms people, property, or the environment.
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Q: What is a hazard? A: Something that could cause harm.
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Q: What is risk? A: The chance that a hazard will affect people or places.
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Q: Why is New Zealand at risk of earthquakes and volcanoes? A: It sits on the boundary between the Pacific Plate and Australian Plate.
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Q: What is a tectonic plate? A: A large piece of Earth’s crust that moves slowly.
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Q: What causes earthquakes? A: Tectonic plates get stuck, pressure builds, then they suddenly slip.
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Q: What is the focus of an earthquake? A: The point underground where it starts.
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Q: What is the epicentre? A: The point on the surface directly above the focus.
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Q: What is a fault? A: A crack in Earth’s crust where movement happens.
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🌋 Volcanoes
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Q: What is magma? A: Melted rock under the Earth’s surface.
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Q: What is lava? A: Magma that reaches the surface.
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Q: How do volcanoes erupt? A: Pressure builds, magma rises through cracks, and erupts.
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Q: What comes out of a volcano? A: Lava, ash, and gases.
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🌊 Tsunamis & Disasters
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Q: What is a tsunami? A: A series of large ocean waves caused by underwater earthquakes or eruptions.
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Q: What is evacuation? A: Moving people to safety during a disaster.
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🌪️ Extreme Weather
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Q: What is a cyclone? A: A large storm that forms over warm oceans.
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Q: What is a hurricane? A: A cyclone in the Atlantic/Eastern Pacific.
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Q: What is a typhoon? A: A cyclone in the Western Pacific.
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Q: What is a tornado? A: A small, very powerful spinning wind funnel over land.
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Q: What is the main difference between cyclones and tornadoes? A: Cyclones are huge ocean storms; tornadoes are small land funnels.
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🇳🇿 CASE STUDY (Christchurch Earthquake 2011)
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Q: When did the Christchurch earthquake happen? A: 22 February 2011.
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Q: What was its magnitude? A: 6.3.
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Q: What were major impacts? A: Deaths, injuries, building collapse, liquefaction, road damage.
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Q: What is liquefaction? A: When wet ground turns to liquid during an earthquake.
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Q: How did people respond? A: Rescue teams, army support, emergency shelters, international help.
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Q: What was learned? A: Stronger buildings, better emergency planning, improved safety systems.
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🌏 TECTONIC PLATES
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Q: Name the two main plates affecting NZ. A: Pacific Plate and Australian Plate.
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Q: Name 3 major world plates. A: Pacific, African, Eurasian (also North American, South American, etc.)
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🏛️ GOVERNMENT FLASHCARDS
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Keywords
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Q: What is democracy? A: A system where people vote for leaders.
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Q: What is Parliament? A: Where laws are made in New Zealand.
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Q: What is a government? A: The group that runs the country.
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Q: What is a Bill? A: A proposed law.
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Q: What is an Act? A: A Bill that has become law.
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Q: What is an MP? A: A Member of Parliament.
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⚖️ How Laws Are Made
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Q: What is the first step of making a law? A: A Bill is introduced in Parliament.
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Q: What is the Select Committee? A: A group that reviews the Bill and hears public opinions.
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Q: When does a Bill become law? A: After the third reading and Royal Assent.
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Q: Who gives Royal Assent? A: The Governor-General.
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🗳️ Voting in NZ
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Q: What system does NZ use? A: MMP (Mixed Member Proportional).
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Q: How old do you have to be to vote? A: 18 years old.
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Q: What are the two votes in NZ? A: Party vote and electorate vote.
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Q: What does the party vote decide? A: How many seats each party gets in Parliament.