HOSA Physical therapy overview

HOSA

accessory motion

ability of the joint surfaces to glide, roll, and spin on one another

active assisted range of motion

joint movement in which the patient may be assisted either manually or mechanically through an arc of movement

active range of motion (AROM)

ability of the patient to voluntarily move a limb through an arc of movement

active resisted exercise

joint movement in which an external force resists the movement

activities of daily living (ADLS)

activities in which individuals participates daily to meet their basic needs

adaptive equipment

pieces of equipment that allow individuals to perform functional tasks with increased ease or independence

aerobic training

exercise program that uses oxygen as the major energy source

akinesia

poverty of movements

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

also known as Lou Gehrig's disease; rapidly progressive neurological disorder associated with a degeneration of the motor nerve cells

anencephaly

a form of neural tube defect that results from a lack of the neural tube closure at the base of the brain. It is not compatible with life and results in fetal death or death shortly after delivery

angina

condition in which chest pain occurs from ischemia

angiography

technique in which radiopaque material is injected into the blood vessels to better visualize and identify problem such as occlusion (blockage) of blood vessels, aneurysms, and vascular malformations

aquatic physical therapy

Therapeutic use of water for rehabilitation or prevention of injury

arterial insufficiency

deficiency or occlusion of blood flow through an artery

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

assessment

measurement or assigned value by which physical therapists make a clinical judgement

assistive device

device that provides individuals with assistance to perform tasks or during periods of mobility

autism

A neural developmental disorder characterized by impairments in social interaction, communication skills, and repetitive behaviors

autonomous practice

services provided by physical therapists using independent, professional judgement within their scope of practice

bariatrics

Area of health care that deals with the origin, prevention, and treatment of obesity

blood gas analysis

assessment of blood (usually arterial) to determine the con-centrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide

bradykinesia

slowness of movements

brunnstrom approach

neurologic technique based on the natural sequence of recovery after stroke

bursitis

inflammation of bursae, fluid-filled sacs located throughout the body that decrease the friction between two structures

cardiac catheterization

passage of a catheter (a flexible tube) into an artery in the arm or leg, then along the artery to reach the heart and measure pressure, inject dye, or take a tissue sample

cardiac muscle dysfunction

various pathologic conditions associated with heart failure

cardiac pacemaker

electronic device that produces a pulse to control heart depolarization

cerebral palsy (CP)

group of conditions caused by a nonprogressive lesion on the brain. Most often CP has origin during gestation (before birth), at birth, or immediately after birth and is caused by an interruption of oxygen to the brain of the fetus or newborn

certification

process by which state legally regulates the use of professional title without creating a separate scope of practice. state law will not permit use of the title unless state standards are met. This differs from the private certification offered by private organizations for meeting the standards of that organization. CHAPTER

chronic inflammation

low-grade, protracted inflammatory process

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

group of disorders that produce certain specific physical symptoms, including chronic productive cough, excessive mucus production, changes in the sound produced when air passes through the bronchial tubes, and shortness of breath

civil law

law of a jurisdiction concerned with private rights and remedies; the administration of justice involving the violation of private duties owed by individuals

client

individual who seeks the services of a physical therapist to maintain health, or a business that hires a physical therapist as a consultant

closed kinetic chain exercise

exercise incorporating several muscle groups through the use of several joints with the end segment fixed

clubfoot

disorder in which the foot is turned inward and slanted upward

code of ethics

principles set forth for the physical therapy profession by APTA for maintaining and promoting ethical practice

collagen

supportive, strong, and fibrous connective tissue protein that is found in the dermis, tendon, cartilage, fascia, ligament, and bone

common law

law created by court decision rather than by legislative action

computed (axial) tomography (CAT or CT)

computer synthesis of x rays transmitted through a specific plane of the body

conducting airways

passageways and tubes that allow air to pass into or out of the lungs

congestive heart failure (CHF)

condition in which the heart muscle is compromised to the point that it cannot move blood volume effectively

contract

agreement between two or more persons that creates a legal obligation to do, or not do, a particular thing

coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

grafting (attaching) a small artery or a leg vein to a point beyond the blockage or plaque

coronary heart disease (CHD)

arteriosclerosis, or a hardening of the arteries, affecting the coronary vessels

criminal law

administration of justice, through the enforcement of the criminal code of a state or of the united states; involves violations of duties owed to society at large

cryotherapy

application of cold agents to cause decreases in blood flow and metabolism, which result in a decrease in swelling and pain

cystic fibrosis (CF)

most common inherited chronic pulmonary disease among white children, characterized by production of thick mucus with progressive lung damage

deductible

amount of money that must be paid by insured before a health insurer will assume any liability for covered services

dermatitis

inflammation of the skin

dermis

portion of the skin directly under the dermis; it is made up of fibrous connective tissue and supports sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerves and nerve endings, blood and lymph vessels, hair follicles, and their allied smooth muscle

developmental coordination disorder (DCD)

motor condition in children encompassing a wide range of dysfunctions, including gross or fine motor coordination problems such as awkward running, frequent falling, slow reaction times, immature balance reactions, poor handwriting, and difficulty with activities of daily living such as dressing

developmental delay

failure to attain predictable movement patterns or behaviors associated with children of a similar chronologic age

developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)

dislocation resulting from the abnormal development of some of the structures surrounding the hip joint, allowing the head of the femur to move in and out of the hip socket, cause is unknown

developmental milestone

movement pattern that appears at a certain stage of growth and development

diagnosis

final interpretation of findings based on examinations

direct access

availability of the physical therapist to anyone seeking physical therapy services without stipulation of a referral by another health care provider

disablement model

conceptual approach to health care based on the functional abilities of the patient/client that results from a medical condition

disablement process

examination process that focuses on the individual's impairments, functional limitations, disability, and resultant restrictions in activites

discharge

termination of services when goals have been achieved

discontinuation

termination of services as determined by the patient/client or physical therapist

down syndrome

congenital developmental disability caused by a defect of chromosome 21; sometimes called trisomy 21. characterized by low muscle tone, a flat facial profile, upwardly slanted eyes, short stature, varying levels of intellectual ability, slowed growth and development, a small nose with a low nasal bridge, and congenital heart disease

duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

progressive pelvic muscle weakness and wasting in the male child, combined with enlarged, yet weak, thigh muscles and tight heel cords

dynamic balnce

balance maintained with the body in motion

dynamical systems theory

treatment approach in children that incorporates all of the body's systems with the environment to facilitate or inhibit movements. process of moving rather than the product of movement

dysfunction

any functional disability

dyspnea

shortness of breath

echocardiography

technique using high-frequency ultrasound to assess the size of the heart chambers, the thickness of the chamber walls, and the motion of the chamber walls and heart valves

eclectic approach

combination of therapeutic approaches used by the physical therapist and thought to be useful for treatment of a given client

electrical stimulation

application of electricity at specified locations to stimulate nerves, muscles, and other soft tissues to reduce pain and swelling, to increase strength and range of motion, and to facilitate wound healing

electrocardiogram (ECG)

readout produced by placing electrodes on the anterior chest wall to record depolarization or contraction of the heart muscle assess the heart's rate and rhythm

electroencephalography (EEG)

technique for recording the electrical potential or activity in the brain by placing electrodes on the scalp

electromyography (EMG)

technique for recording the electrical activity in the muscle during a state of rest and during voluntary contraction

embolus

clot formed by a substance detached from elsewhere

enablement process

examination process that focuses on the individual's structural body and concurrent abilities while addressing age-appropriate movement patterns and activites

entitlement

right or privilege

epidermis

outer layer of the skin

ergonomics

relationship between the worker, tasks, and work environment

evaluation

judgment based on an examination

evidence-based practice

interventions used in physical therapy, based on research that demonstrates the reliability and validity of the procedures

examination

process of gathering info about the past and current status of the patient/client

exercise stress testing

noninvasive method of determining how the cardiovascular and pulmonary system respond to controlled increases in activity; most frequently used to diagnose or assess suspected or established cardiovascular disease

expiration

breathing out

expressive aphasia

impaired ability to express oneself

family assessment

family interview, survey, or discussion used to obtain the family's insights regarding a patient, espically a child; includes family history, relationships, concerns, needs, and resources.

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

most severe condition in a continuum of alcohol induced disabilities related to high levels of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy

flexibility

ability to move a limb segment through a range of motion

flexibility exercise

exercise performed over time, using stress, to change the length and elasticity of soft tissue such as muscle; usually performed for postural or ROM enhancement

fluidotherapy

use of a self-contained unit filled with sawdust-type particles heated to the desired temperature and circulated by air pressure around the involved body part

foundation for physical therapy

organization, separate from APTA, that promotes and provides financial support for scientific research, clinical research, and health services research in physical therapy

fracture

break in bone

frail elderly

people over age 65 yrs with conditions that significantly impair their daily function

functional capacity evaluation

examination of a worker's physical abilities to perform required tasks

functional exercise

exercise that mimics functional movements and activates functional movements incorporate strength, flexibility, balance, and coordination

functional limitation

decreased ability of a person to perform a task, without regard to the context or environment

functional reach test

specific balance test that can predict the likelihood of falling

goal-directed movement approach

treatment approach that emphasizes the importance of both task and environmental features as a primary impetus for movement

goals

measurable, functional objectives that are linked to a problem identified in a patient evaluation

goniometer

instrument used to measure and document ROM

goniometry

methods to measure and document ROM

ground substance

supportive, amorphous gel like substance secreted by fibro-blasts; fills space between connective tissue fibers and cells