Unit 1- Biology- B1- [Cell structure and function]

This is B1 of biology unit 1 in the applied science foundation diploma series of Pearson edexcel

What is the cell-surface membrane in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Phospholipid bilayer

What is the bilayer responsible for?

controlling the passage of substances across exchange surfaces

What is a cell?

The smallest unit of a living thing

What is a prokaryotic cell?

single celled organisms like bacteria (no nucleus)

What is a eukaryote?

cell with a nucleus

How do prokaryotic cells multiply?

binary fission

How do eukaryotic cells multiply?

mitosis or meiosis

What do most animal cells have?

- mitochondria
- ribosomes
- endoplasmic reticulum
- golgi
- lysosomes
-nucleus
- cell membrane

What is flagella used for?

locomotion

What is pili?

used to exchange genetic material during a type of reproduction called conjugation

What is fimbriae?

used by bacteria to attach to a host cell

What does the capsule enable prokaryotic cells to do?

stick to surfaces

What do most prokaryotes have?

a peptidoglycan cell wall

What are ribosomes in prokaryotic cells?

70s- thus means that the subunit is 50s large and 30s small

What are vesicles

sacs made of membrane

What is the function of the cell wall?

Provides the cell with support and protection, mainly made with cellulose fibres and water dissolved substances

What is the cell wall made of?

made of cellulose forming a sieve-like network

What is the function of the capsule?

Prevents desiccation (water loss) and stops digestion by phagocytosis

What is the structure of the capsule?

slippery layer outside the cell wall

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Regulates the movement of materials into and out of the cell. Its a fluid of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. it is semi-permeable

What is the structure of the cell membrane?

it has a phospholipids bilayer with proteins embedded in the layer

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Maintains cell shape and stores chemicals needed by the cell for metasolic reactions

What is the function of the nucleoid?

Contains DNA, which is the store of genetic information.

What is the function of plasmids?

small rings of DNA

What is the function of chromosomes?

carry genetic information

What is the function of membrane bound organelles?

acts as a diffusion barrier, but also provides each organelle with its unique morphology that contributes to its function

What is the function of the nucleolus?

produce ribosomes and makes RNA

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Protein synthesis takes place on the ribosomes and the newly synthesised proteins are transported to the Golgi apparatus.

What is the function of the ribosome?

Protein synthesis occurs at the ribosomes.

What is the function of the the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Responsible for synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates.

What is the structure of the SER?

Responsible for synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates.

What is the function of the Golgi body?

Newly made proteins are received here from the rough ER. The Golgi apparatus modifies them and then packages the proteins into vesicles to be transported to where they are needed.

What is the structure of the golgi body?

Newly made proteins are received here from the rough ER. The Golgi apparatus modifies them and then packages the proteins into vesicles to be transported to where they are needed.

What is the function of lysosome?

They can be used to digest invading cells or to break down worn out components of the cell.

What is the function of the mitochondria?

produce ATP and responsible for aerobic respiration

What is the structure of the mitochondria?

They have two membranes. The inner membrane is highly folded to form cristae. The central part is called the matrix. They can be seen as long in shape or spherical depending on which angle the cell is cut at.

What is the function of vesicles?

Transport vesicles are used to transport materials inside the cell and secretory vesicles transport proteins that are to be released from the cell, to the cell surface membrane.

What is the function of chloroplasts?

site of photosynthesis. Light energy is trapped by the chlorophyll and used to produce carbohydrate molecules from water and carbon dioxide.

What is the structure of the chloroplast?

Has a double membrane and is filled with a fluid called stroma. The inner membrane is a continuous network of flattened sacs called thylakoids. A stack of thylakoids is called a granum (grana is plural). Grana contain chlorophyll pigments.

What is the purpose of a vacuole?

to store water, food, or waste products. Maintains turgor to ensure a rigid framework in the cell.

What is the function of the tonoplast?

It controls what enters and leaves the vacuole

What is the function of the Amyloplasts?

Responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch granules.

What is the structure of the amyloplast?

A double membrane-bound sac containing starch granules.

What is the function of the plasmodesmata?

Enable transport and communication between individual plant cells.

What is the function of pits?

Allow water to enter and leave xylem vessels.

What is number 5 on the image?

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

What is number 6 on the image?

mitochondria

What is number 7 on the image?

Golgi apparatus

What is number 1 on the image?

Pinocytonic vesicle

What is number 3 on the image?

Golgi vesicle

What is number 4 on the image?

rough endoplasmic reticulum

What is number 8 on the image?

Nucleolus

What is number 9 on the image?

nucleus

What is number 10 on the image?

Centrioles

What is number 11 on the image?

microtubles

What is number 12 on the image?

Cytoplasm

What is number 13 on the image?

ribosome

What is number 2 on the image?

Lysosome

What is the structure A used for?

• to store genetic material

What are the structures X and Y likely to be?

X is mitochondrion and Y in the nucleus

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacterial cell walls?

Gram-negative bacteria are surrounded by a thin peptidoglycan cell wall, which itself is surrounded by an outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide. Gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan many times thicker than is found in the Gram-negatives.

Why do they react differently to antibiotics?

Gram-negative bacteria tend to be more resistant to antimicrobial agents than Gram-positive bacteria, because of the presence of the additional protection afforded by the outer membrane.

What is the equation for magnification?

Magnification= Image size / actual size

What is A on the image?

ribosomes

What is B on the image?

pilus

What is C on the image?

flagellum

What is D on the image?

capsule

What is E on the image?

nucleoid

What is F on the image?

cell wall

What is G on the image?

plasmid