Test 2 Quizzes

synergism

An interaction between substances which exacerbates their effects

_____, rather than ______, are becoming the leading causes of disability and premature death worldwide

Chronic conditions such as cardiovascular disease; infectious disease such as malaria

Antibiotic resistant bacteria

MRSA is an example of

Active the immune system

Allergens are substances that

Endocrine Disruptors

Disrupt normal hormone functions

Carcinogens are substances that cause

Out-of-control cell growth and tumors

Highly persistent toxic chemicals

Retain their toxicity as they cycle through the food chain and environment

Bioaccumulation is a term that describes the way cells

Selectively absorb and store molecules

A chemical interaction in which one substance exacerbates the effects of another is termed

Synergism

The saying "the dose makes the poison" means that

Nearly anything can be toxic at some level

The most common dietary problem in rich countries is

overeating

A diet inadequate in iron produces a condition called

Anemia

Food security refers to

the ability to obtain sufficient food on a day-to-day basis

Vitamin A deficiencies

can cause blindness

The three crops that provide the majority of humanity's nutrient and calories are

wheat, rice, and corn

Famines are most often serious when there is

Armed conflict and political oppression

Most of the livestock grown in North America are

Confined in CAFOs

If fishing demands continue at the current rate, by which year will the world's major fisheries collapse?

2050

Higher responder crops of the green revolution produce tremendous yields

In response to fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation

What percentage of processed food in the U.S. contains a GMO ingredient?

60%

The phylogenetic species concept holds that the definition of a species should be

based on branching relationships among species

Species at imminent risk of extinction are classified as _____ species

endangered

The goal of the Endangered Species Act is to protect

all species, regardless of their direct usefulness to humans

Biodiversity Hot Spots

Accounts for less than 2 percent of the world's land mass, yet comprise 75 percent of the world's threatened animals

Invasive Species

Flourish in a new environment due to a lack of predators, diseases, or resource limitations

Scenarios:
There are three ecological communities, each with differing species, but all of them have 100 individual plants an
animals.
Community A has 21 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 50 individuals of one species and 3 each of the ot
species.
Community B has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 90 individuals of one species and 2 each of the ot
species.
Community C has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 10 individuals of each species.

In this scenario, which community has the highest species richness?

Community A

Scenarios:
There are three ecological communities, each with differing species, but all of them have 100 individual plants an
animals.
Community A has 21 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 50 individuals of one species and 3 each of the ot
species.
Community B has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 90 individuals of one species and 2 each of the ot
species.
Community C has 11 species. Of the 110 individuals, there are 10 individuals of each species.

In this scenario, which communities have the same species evenness?

None of the communities has the same species evenness

Approximately how many species have been identified on Earth?

A little more than 1.7 million

The largest contributing factor for the current high rate of animal extinctions is

Habitat destruction worldwide

The objective of a species recovery plan is to

Increase an endangered species population until it is no longer endangered

Integrated pest management utilizes

an ecologically-based approach to pest management

Which of the following is the most correct definition of soil?

A complex mixture of organic matter, minerals, and living organisms

What type of soil is sticky, elastic, and impermeable?

Clay

The stratified horizontal layers of soils are called soil ______

Horizons

About what portion of world freshwater withdrawals is used for agriculture?

2/3

DDT accumulation disrupted calcium metabolism in the North American eagle, as well as other birds, causing

Thin eggshells

Pest resurgence is part of the problem of pesticide resistance and happens when a pest organism

That is tolerant to the pesticide survives and produces tolerant offspring

The pesticide treadmill occurs when

Constantly increasing doses of pesticides are needed to control pests

In order to institute an integrated pest management program, it is necessary to

Understand local plants and animals

Knowledge of the life cycle of an insect population enables biological controls to be used in place of current pesticide use. An example includes the use of Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) which affects ______ of moths and butterflies

The larval stage

The term ____ refers to the practice of eliminating a country's national debt if it agrees to protect or restore areas of biological significance

debt-for-nature swap

What percentage of the world's forests is under some level of protection?

12

Habitat corridors

effectively create a large reserve out of small ones

Although most of the world's forests are shrinking, biologists are especially concerned about tropical forest loss because

They contain such high biodiversity

Of all the old-growth forests that stood in the United States before the European settlement, how much remains today?

Less than 10%

Why is there a need to reeducate people about the role of fire in natural systems?

People do not understand that fire is a natural part of many biological ecosystems

What conclusion can you make from examining the graph?

Ecosystem "a" has the most threatened plant species

One possible solution to the problem of insufficient land area for preserves is to use ____ to link smaller habitat areas

Corridors

If managed carefully, ecotourism benefits natural areas by giving economic value to land and water resources

Without destroying them

Rotational grazing allows grazing livestock to

Use a small area for a short time

The attempt to rebuild a community into a functioning system which may differ from the original condition is known as

rehabilitation

The first step in ecological restoration is to

stop whatever is causing the damage

Important tools in prairie restoration include

fire and bison

The hydrology of the Florida Everglades has been severely affected in order to

control flood waters and drain land for agriculture

Bioremediation refers to

use of organisms to treat or clean up the environment

The word "mitigation" has come to mean to

Restore or create an ecosystem in exchange for a similar, damaged one

The first nationwide restoration project in Africa is now taking place in

Rwanda

Wetlands control flooding by

Temporarily storing water

"Brown Fields" is another name for

Abandoned, contaminated industrial sites

Restoring coastal marshes has become a priority in protecting coastal cities from

Both hurricanes and flooding

The layer of atmosphere immediately above the earth where weather events occur is called the

mesosphere

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is

an ad hoc group of government environmentalists

Carbon Dioxide is a major factor in the global warming story since it

absorbs more infrared radiation than it emits

The idea of breaking down the solution to the larger problem of climate change into smaller more manageable piece or goals is known as

wedge analysis

Climate is a description of _____ weather conditions

Long-term regional

The "ozone hole" that causes concern among scientists and the public is an ozone depletion in the

Stratosphere

Albedo is a term describing the Earth's

Reflection of solar radiation

The Coriolis effect is caused by the

Rotation of the Earth

Milankovitch cycles involve the periodic ______ and could be responsible for _______ weather changes

Wobbling of the earth's axis and orbital shifts; cyclic

When El Nino occurs, a mass of warm Pacific surface water that is usually pushed westward by winds,

Surges eastward toward South America

The Keeling graph of Carbon Dioxide concentrations forms a pattern that goes up and down each year. What is the cause of this oscillating pattern?

During the northern hemisphere summer, there are so many trees, that they reduce the amount of CO_2 substantially, but when northern winter occurs, there are not enough trees in the Southern hemisphere to use all of the inputs of CO_2 in the atmosphere.

The Keeling graph, although it has yearly oscillations, shows that the concentration of CO_2 in the atmosphere ______

is steadily rising

Model of Climate change are most in agreement with observed data _______.

when both natural and anthropogenic causes of warming are included

Current concentration of CO_2 in the atmosphere is ______ according to the Keeling graph

over 400ppm

The main activity of the IPCC is to _____

Make a general assessments of all climate change research at regular intervals of time