AP Review #2 (Human pop. & Energy Sources)

Human population is currently undergoing

Exponential growth

Current World Population

Over 7.7 Billion

China’s percentage of world’s population

17.5%

India’s percentage of world’s population

18%

United State’s percentage of world’s population

4.3%

Developed Countries

Industrialized nations (US, Japan Europe)

Developing Nations

nations in Latin America, Africa, most of Asia

Indicators reflecting health of country

Infant mortality rate, life expectancy

Morbidity

Presence of disease in a population

Mortality

number of deaths in a population

Two components to world population problem

number of people, env impacts per person (people in developed world use much more than those in developing)

Current world growth rate

1.4%

Population Growth Rate

(birth rate - death rate)/10

Doubling time

Time for a population to double, rule of 70: 70 divided by the percentage growth rate

Replacement level fertility

The number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.5-2.7 developing)

Average fertility rate

average number of children per woman (world average=2.9, developed nations = 1.6, developing nations = 3.3)

Total fertility rate

affected by age at which females have first child educational opportunities, access to

Population age structure diagrams

Show percentage of population at different age levels, use shape to see what is happening (broad base, rapid growth)(narrow base, narrow growth)(uniform shape, zero growth)

Demographics

Study of human populations

Stages of demographic transition model

countries go through as they become industrialized, general pattern is death rates fall (population way up) and later birth rates fall (growth stabilizes)

Pre-industrial stage

harsh living conditions, birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high

transitional stage

death rate lower due to better healthcare, birth rate still high so population grows fast

Industrial stage

decline in birth rate, population growth slows

Post-industrial stage

Low birth & death rates, population stabilized or decreases

Reasons death rates have declined include

advent of antibiotics, safer water supplies, better nutrition

Factors affecting population growth/ways to decrease birth rate

Empowerment of women, average age of marriage, education, urbanization, family planning, economic rewards and penallties (China’s former one child policy)

Whether a population is growing or declining

All of above in addition to birth, death, and infant morality rates

Consequences of overpopulation

Resource shortages (food, water, energy), destruction of environment (pollution, deforestation, desertification, loss of biodiversity), political instability (war, revolution) outbreaks of disease

Thomas Malthus

Said human population cannot continue to increase, consequences will be war, famine, and disease, Malthusian theory has to do with factors limiting human population growth (war, famine, disease)

Historical energy trends

wood, coal, oil, natural gas, alternative sources

world’s largest energy consumer

United states (25% of energy), mostly fossil fuels

Nonrenewable energy resources

Finite in supply, not renewed in short term (fossil fuels, nuclear, geothermal), ores of metals (copper, etc)

Renewable energy sources

renew naturally (examples include Solar, hydropower, biomass, wind)

Types of fossil fuels

Coal, oil, natural gas

World’s most abundant fossil fuel

Coal

Most oil deposits located in

Middle East

OPEC

Organization petroleum exporting countries, control most of the world’s oil reserves

At current consumption rates, oil