Exercise Final Exam

Physical Activity results in….

Early morbidity and premature mortality

Morbitity

Instance of a particular disease

Mortality

The rate of death

What were the leading number of deaths from chronic diseases?

Heart Disease #1, Cancer #2, both linked to inactivity

Exercise Science

Umbrella term that involves physical activity, exercise, sports, athletic performance, seeks to educate the importance of exercise and promote fitness

Physical Activity

Movements of a person during routine daily activities

Exercise

Planned/structured movement aimed at maintaining physical health

What was sport based on in 450BC?

Manual Labor

What was the painting that Da Vinci created to replicate a person anatomically?

Vitruvian Man

Who was the man that discovered circulation through arteries and veins in the 14-17th century?

William Harvey

Who were the men that discovered muscle contraction and respiration in the 1600’s?

Robert Hook and Robert Boyle

Who was the man that discovered muscle fibers, and muscle size, strength, and contraction in the 1600’s?

John Mayow

Who published the first findings in Heart Rate change while walking in the 18th century?

John Floyer

Who published the first findings on muscle fiber size, structure, and contraction in the 18th century?

Keil

Who published the first accurate reading of Blood Pressure in the 18th century?

Hales

Who published the first findings of Cardiac Output in the 18th century?

Bernoulli

Who published the first findings of the use of oxygen to burn carbon in the body, and energy transformation during exercise in the 18th century?

Lavoisier and La Place

What research was started about our dietary system in the 19th century?

That our dietary system has influence on our urinary system

What started to appear in the 19th century related to exercise?

Physical education, calisthenics and gymnastics, formation of professional sports teams

Who became the first ever professional trainer at Yale in 1879?

Dudly Allan Sargent

Who created the first physical education college program at Harvard in 1891?

George Frtiz

What became to occur in colleges in the 20th century related to exercise science?

College began to start classes specifically related to and about exercise science

What lab began work in 1927, started by David Bruce Dil

Harvard Fatigue Lab

What was founded in 1950?

National Athletic Trainers Association

What was founded in 1954?

American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)

What was founded in 1973?

International Society of Biomechanics

What is the role of the ACSM?

It was developed as a unique blend of physical education, medicine, and physiology, works to shape public policy

Credentialing

Providing certified documents showing that an individual is entitled to recognition to perform certain functions or actions

Credentialing Organization

Professional Organizations or governmental agencies that oversee and administer exams for certification

Athletic Trainer

Involved in the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of injuries to physically active individuals or athletes, must be certified or licensed

Clinical Biomechanics

Focuses on the mechanics of injuries and treatment of musculoskeletal problems

Sports Biomechanics

Examines factors of human movement associated with exercise and training

Ergonomics

Study of the interaction between humans and the objects that they use

Clinical Exercise Physiologist

Work with healthy and diseased individuals to perform health and fitness assessments, develop/implement exercise prescriptions, and monitor effectiveness of interventions

Dietician/Sports Dietician

Assess the nutritional needs of individuals, develop nutritional programs, and advise patients on health and disease-related conditions

Exercise/Sport Psychologist

Work with healthy, diseased, and athletes to enhance psychological components related to successful performance

Occupational Therapist

Helps individuals to learn or regain the ability to perform activities of daily learning

Personal Trainer

Works with individuals to assess functional capacity, develops and implements exercise programs for enhancing physical fitness and health

Physical Therapist

Develops structured treatment and rehabilitation programs to improve mobility, reduce pain, or prevent permanent injury

Physician Assistant

Works under the supervision of a medical doctor in the prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of illness and injuries

Public/Private School Teacher

Works to help young children, adolescents, and young adults to develop motor skills, health, and physical fitness within a school setting

Strength and Conditioning Coach

Involved in the development of and implementation of specialized training programs for athletes

Wellness/Fitness Industry Professional

Works with the general public to develop and implement physical activity and exercise programs

Researcher

A person who researcher exercise science, with pharmaceutical companies, higher education institutions, with hospitals, medical schools, institutions, government agencies, and private research foundations

National Strength and Conditioning Association

Develops and makes available the most advanced information regarding strength training and conditioning practices, performance enhancement, and injury prevention

Evidence-Based Practice

The best, most current scientific research that informs the question, problem, or goal at hand

Practice

A form of therapy, intervention, or service

The first element of Evidence-Based Practice

Compile the best evidence from research

The second element of Evidence-Based Practice

Clinical expertise and experience

The third element of Evidence-Based Practice

Client/Patient Perspective and Input

First Step of Evidence-Based Practice

Formulate a Specific Question

Second Step of Evidence-Based Practice

Search and Review Relevant Literature

Third Step of Evidence-Based Practice

Evaluate and Consider all Options

Fourth Step of Evidence-Based Practice

Make a Decision and Incorporate it in Practice

Fifth Step of Evidence-Based Practice

Evaluate the Process, Decisions, and Outcomes

Title

First indication of what the study will be about

Author

Who wrote the research article, many authors have specific niches that could be useful when researching

Abstract

Summary of what to expect in an article

Introduction

Discusses the background of the research topic, what is known/unknown, and states the purpose of the study

Methods

Breaks down how exactly the data of the study was collected

Results

Results of the data collected

Discussion/Conclusion

Discuss the purpose of the study, and how it related to the hypothesis

References

Shows what resources the study used for information, in APA format

Primary Function of the Nervous System

Control systems of the body

Voluntary

Actions that you have control over (Walking, Talking, Typing)

Involuntary

Actions that you don’t have control over (Heart Rate, Metabolism, Blushing)

Afferent Nerves

Carry impulses towards brain

Efferent Nerves

Carry Impulses away from the brain

Primary Function of the Muscular System

Provide movement, Thermoregulation

Primary component of Muscular System

Muscle Fiber

Skeletal Muscle

Type of muscle (Bicep, Tricep, etc)

Cardiac Muscle

Type of muscle (Heart)

Smooth Muscle

Type of muscle (Lining of Organs and Vessels)

Concentric Muscle Contraction

Shortening of Muscle Fibers

Eccentric Muscle Contraction

Lengthening of Muscle Fibers

Hypertrophy

Muscle Fiber becomes larger

Hyperplasia

Number of Muscle Fibers Increase

Isotonic Contraction

Contraction that involves constant tension throughout muscle movement

Isometric Contraction

Contraction that involves not change in the length of the muscle

Isokinetic Contraction

Constant speed throughout contraction

Primary Functions of the Skeletal System

Framework of Body, Protects Organs and Tissues

Primary Component of Skeletal System

Minerals and Bone Cells

Osteoporosis

Low Bone Mineral Density (Low Calcium in Bones)

Hematopoiesis

Formation of new RBC’s

Erythropoietin

Hormone that stimulates RBC production

Primary Function of the Cardiovascular System

Transports blood containing Oxygen, removes CO2 and other waste

Primary Components of the Cardiovascular System

Heart, Arteries, Capillaries, Veins, Blood

Veins

Carry de-oxygenated blood to the heart

Arteries

Carry oxygenated blood through the body

Cardiac Rehab

Use of Exercise as an integral component to helping individuals recover from a cardiac event

Atherosclerosis

Buildup of cholesterol and blood lipids in the arteries, narrows the vessel opening

Maximal Oxygen Consumption (VO2 Max)

Ability of the muscles to use oxygen received from the heart and lungs to produce energy, maximum amount during maximal exercise

Primary Function of the Pulmonary System

Moving air in and out of the lungs, regulation of acid-base balance

Primary Component of the Pulmonary System

The Lungs

Where does gas exchange occur in the Lungs?

Alveoli

Bronchodialation

Increased air flow, caused by sympathetic stimulation

Bronchoconstriction

Decreased Air Flow, caused by parasympathetic stimulation

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

Disease of constant blockage of the Bronchioles, related to emphysema, and chronic bronchitis

Exercise-Induced Asthma

Airway construction based on certain triggers such as duration of exercise, smoke, molds, dust, cold temperatures, causes shortness of breath, and wheezing

Primary Functions of the Urinary System

Elimination of Waste Products