PHS-Chapter 3

What % of the American workforce are in healthcare?

~13%

What is driving the growth of the health care

population growth, aging populations, increased life expectancy 

Where are most health care jobs located?

Hospitals

Define demographics

statistical study of the human population

What is an Affordable Care Act?

provide health coverage to all americans, preventing high insurance that can’t afford, expanding insurance

What does the ACA emphasize?

expanded insurance: higher demand for services, prevention and primary care 

What are examples of chronic diseases?

ischemic heart diseases, stroke, obstructive pulmonary diseases, lung cancers  

What are examples of acute diseases?

HIV, pneumonia , diarrhoeal, neonatal, tuberculosis, malaria, maternal 

What is the role of physicians?

evaluate, diagnose, treat patients

How are physicians licensed?

accredited, medical school, licensing exam, internship, residency 

What is Allopathic medicine?

system of medical practice that empathizes with diagnosing and treating via conventional methods like drug and surgery 

What is Osteopathic medicine?

holistic and comprehensive approach and utilizes musculoskeletal manipulation

What does NBME stand for?

national board of medical examiners

What does NBOME stand for?

The National Board of Osteopathic Medical Examiners

How long are internships & residencies?

2-6 years

What do MD’s focus on?

diseased focus, prevention

What do DO’s focus on?

musculoskeletal focus, prevention

Who are more likely to be generalists?

DOs

What are examples of generalists?

family medicine, internal medicine, pediatrics

How do referrals work?

when a primary care physician sends you to a specialist for care outside the PCP's scope

What does PCP mean?

primary care provider

What do hospitalists focus on?

inpatient medicine hospital based care

What are the roles of hospitalists?

manage care during hospitalization improve cost efficiency, length of stay

How are hospitalists trained?

often from internal medcine family practice or pediatrics 

What is gatekeeping?

primary care take control access to specialty care like manage care 

What does longitudinal mean?

Means take care long period, condition 

What does episodic mean?

occurs at irregular times and short term care, focused 

What do primary doctors focus on?

whole patient, comorbidities

What do specialists focus on?

diseases or organ system

What does comorbidity mean?

exist simultaneously with another condition

What are the different work setting for physicians?

hospitals, public sector, majority which is private practices, ambulatory visits

What does public sector mean?

government agencies, public health clinics, school, prisons 

What are ambulatory visits?

family practices, internal medicine, pediatrics

How are physicians maldistributed?

by workforce, state variation, projection shortages by 2025

What does maldistribution mean?

uneven or unfair distribution of something

Where do most doctors cluster?

in metro or suburban areas, rural and inner cities underserved 

Why does the US have more specialists than primary care providers ?

tech advances, higher reimbursement, prestige and work life balence

What are the consequences of having more specialist than primary care providers?

higher cost invasive services, less effective care without primary screening, underserved population most affected 

What does reimbursement mean?

to pay some back

What are underserved populations?

group who do not have adequate access to essential resources or services 

What are orthodontics?

part of dentist where do braces 

What is periodontics?

diseases of gum and teeth

What are prosthodontics?

replacing missing teeth

What are endodontics?

diseases of dental pulp

What does pathology mean?

study the causes and effects of diseases

What is the role of a pharmacist?

dispense or give out medications

What type of education do pharmacists need?

PharmD 6 years + licensure exam

What are nuclear pharmacist?

specialized pharmacist that make radio drugs used in diagnostic imaging for cancers etc

Where do pharmacists work?

retail, hospitals

How is the traditional role of pharmacists expanding?

drug education, drug interactions, prescribing authority

What are optometrists?

vision exams OD degree

What are psychologists?

mental health PhD/PsyD

What are podiatrists?

foot conditions DPM

What are chiropractors?

Manual manipulation DC

What is the largest group of health care workers?

Nurses

What is the role of nurses?

physical, emotional, mental patient care

What are the two types of nurses?

registered nurse and licenced vocational nurse

What is the physician Assistant?

supervised by MD/DO perform exams, treat, prescribe 

What is a nurse practitioner?

expanded register nurse role focus on education, prevention

What is a certified nurse midwife? 

maternal, and obstetric care

What are the values of midwives?

improve access in underserved areas, high patient satisfaction, cost effective

What are some barriers to being a midwife?

legal restrictions, reimbursement issues, physician oversight

What percentage of health care workforce are allied health professionals?

~60%

What are the two categories of allied health professionals?

Technicians/assistants and Technologists/therapists 

What are technologists and therapists?

advance training, evaluation, planning

What are technicians and therapists?

less than 2 years education, supervised 

What are the focus of public health professionals?

community focus, core areas, employers

What areas do public officials focus on?

community not individuals

What is biostatistics?

statistics in regarding to health

What is epidemiology?

study of public health and diseases

Who employs public health officials?

schools of public health, governance agencies, NGOs

What are NGOs?

non governance organizations

What are health service administrators?

supporters like IT, board runs, CEOs

What are top level health service administrators?

strategic leadership, long term success

What are mid level health service administrators?

manager of departments, major services

What are entry level health service administrators?

supports, assist managers