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25 Terms
1
Developmental Psychology
The study of how people change over the lifespan, from conception to death.
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2
Nature vs. Nurture
The debate regarding the relative contributions of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) to human development.
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3
Zygote
A fertilized ovum that is a single cell formed by the union of sperm and egg.
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4
Embryo
The developing human organism from approximately two weeks after fertilization until about two months.
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5
Fetal Stage
The final stage of prenatal development, lasting from the ninth week of pregnancy until birth, where major organ systems develop.
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6
Teratogen
Any substance that can cause abnormal development or damage to a developing fetus.
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7
Object Permanence
The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, a concept developed in infancy.
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8
Scaffolding
A process in which teachers and others provide successive levels of temporary support that help children achieve higher levels of understanding and skill.
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9
Piaget's Stages of Development
Jean Piaget's theory that includes four stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational.
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10
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development
A theory that describes how people develop moral reasoning through three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional.
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11
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
A theory that outlines eight stages of psychosocial development from infancy to adulthood, each characterized by a central conflict.
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12
Critical Period
A specific time in development when certain skills or abilities are most easily learned.
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13
Synaptic Pruning
The process where extra neurons and synaptic connections are eliminated to increase the efficiency of neuronal transmissions.
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14
Autonomous Reflexes
Automatic responses that support survival, such as suckling and grasping.
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15
Agency
The capacity of individuals to act independently and make their own choices.
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16
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
A condition resulting from alcohol exposure during pregnancy, leading to physical and cognitive defects.
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17
Maternal Mortality
The death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth, or within six weeks of delivery, due to complications.
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18
Neuronal Growth Spurts
Periods of rapid brain development characterized by increased neuronal connections.
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19
Attachment Theory
A psychological framework that explains how the relationships formed in early childhood impact social and emotional development throughout life.
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20
Cognitive Development
The process by which a child learns to think, reason, and understand the world around them.
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21
Visual Preference
The tendency of infants to prefer looking at faces or face-like patterns over other stimuli.
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22
Childhood Temperament
The innate characteristics of a child that influence their behaviors, moods, and emotional reactions.
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23
Maturation
The process of development in which an individual reaches physical and psychological growth.
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24
Parenting Styles
The varying strategies that parents use in raising their children, which can influence a child's development and behavior.
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25
Experiential Learning
A learning process through which individuals develop and refine skills through experiences and interaction with their environment.
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