interconnections between metabolic pathways (30)

where does the reduction of co2 occur in photosytehsis and what is the reducing agent

• in the stroma of the chloroplast during the Calvin cycle

• reducing agent is NADPH

where does the reduction of o2 occur in aerobic respiration and what is the reducing agent

• at the inner mitochondrial membrane in the ETC

• reducing agent is cytochrome c oxidase

how do photosynthesis and aerobic respiration complement each other

• photosynthesis produces glucose and oxygen for respiration

  • respiration releases co2 and water used in photosynthesis

what is the significance of photosynthesis and aerobic respiration for life on earth

• together they sustain energy flow and carbon cycling in ecosystems

how does carbon fixation illustrate the interdependence of photosynthesis and respiration

• photosynthesis fixes co2 into glucose

  • respiration breaks glucose down, releasing co2 back to the atmosphere

why is balance between oxygen production and consumption important for plants

• oxygen from photosynthesis fuels respiration

• respiration provides atp for growth

  • balances ensures survival and ecosystem health

how do environmental factors affect photosyntehsis and respiration

• low light → less glucose → reduced respiration/atp

  • high tenperature → increased respiration → more co2 release, potentially limiting photosynthesis

which calvin cycle intermediate directly enters glycolysis

glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (g3p)h

how does carbon from co2 become part of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid

• co2 fixed in calvin cycle → G3P → glycolysis→ pyruvate → acetyl-coA → citirc acid cycle intermediates → precursors for amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides → macromolecules

what is photophosphorylation

• atp synthesis using sunlight-driven proton gradient in thylakoid membranes

what is oxidative phosphorylation

• atp synthesis in mitochondria via etc and proton gradient

what is substrate-level phosphorylation

• direct transfer of phosphate from a substrate to ADp ( glycolyisis, citric acid cycle)

compare photosynthesis and respriation

• photosynthesis : anabolic, occurs in chloroplasts, produces glucose & o2

• respiration : catabolic, occurs in cytosol/mitochondria,breaks down glucose to release ATP, Co2, and H20

how does anaerboic chemoorganoheterotrophs react

• uses glucose to release lactate/ethanol

how does anoxygenic photolithoautotrophs react

• uses h2s and releases sulfurw

how does aerobic chemoorganoheterotroph react

• uses glucose + o2 and releases co2+ h20

how does aerobic chemolithoautotroph react

• uses h2s + o2 and releases sulfuer + h20

how does oxygenic photolithautotrophs react

• uses h2o + co2 and releases o2

what are lichens

• fungus + algae/cyanbacteria

  • stable symbiosis

what are coral and alage example of

• algae provides photosynthates

  • corals provide habitat/nutrients

what does hydrotheremal vents animals and bacteria do

• bacteria oxidize inorganic molecules to feed hosts