HSA Erikson's Exam

Mental Fitness

The ability to interact with others and to feel balanced, with a

positive self-image.

Mentally-healthy people

• *Self-direct

• *Have a high self-esteem

• *Have a sense of belonging

• *Practice stress management

• *Trust their own senses and feelings

• *Accept themselves

Mental Illness

is defined as a health condition that changes a person's thoughts, emotions and behavior, and that affects the person's ability to take on daily functions.

Biological factors

Some mental illnesses seem to run in families, so genetics or traits passed from parent to child could be a cause.

Environmental factors

Head injuries, poor nutrition, and exposure to harmful or addictive chemicals can increase the risk of developing a mental illness.

Social factors

Emotional Trauma, abuse, exposure to violence and other stressful events may affect whether someone develops a mental illness.

Anxiety Disorders

Anxiety, or excessive worrying, is a normal response to everyday stresses, but frequent anxiety us unhealthy, and may be a sign of an anxiety disorder.

Panic Disorder

people suddenly have an attack of terror, or panic. They may have physical symptoms, like chills, nausea, or increased heart rate. Once having a panic attack, people often fear having another, so they may not leave their home, or take part in normal activities.

Phobias

A phobia is a fear of something that poses little or no danger, and usually begin during childhood or adolescence. Common examples are agoraphobia (fear of open spaces/crowds), acrophobia (fear of heights), or aviophobia (fear of flying). Social phobias are common too, like fear of talking to other people, giving speeches, etc. Phobias can lead to panic attacks.

Top 10 phobias

1. Arachnophobia - spiders

2. Social phobia-social or public situations

3. Aerophobia - flying

4. Agoraphobia - open or public spaces

5. Claustrophobia-enclosed spaces

6. Emetophobia - vomiting

7. Acrophobia (vertigo) - heights

8. Cancerphobia - developing cancer

9. Brontophobia-thunderstorms

10. Necrophobia-death (your own and others')

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

involves constant, disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behavior (compulsions). Common examples are handwashing, organizing things, and cleaning house.

Hoarding Disorder

people become fearful of getting rid of their possessions, etc.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

excessive cosmetic surgery is obtained to fix perceived flaws in their appearance

Autism Spectrum Disorder-ASD

A neurological developmental disorder that affects the way children behave and interact with others. Although the cause is unknown, genetics or illnesses sustained by the mother during pregnancy are thought to be possible causes.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

PTSD develops after an incident where someone is harmed or threatened with harm, such as victims of violent crimes, or soldiers who have been in war. People w/ PTSD can startle easily, or become emotionally numb. They can lose interest in things they once enjoyed, or become aggressive or violent.

Bipolar Disorder

characterized by prolonged mood swings ranging from heightened energy & joyfulness (mania) to extreme sadness & helplessness (depression). There are different types, and they usually adolescence or early adulthood.

Depressive Disorder (Depression)

It is normal to be sad at different times throughout life, but with Depression, that sadness continues for long periods of time. People often feel hopelessness, irritable, lose interest in things once enjoyed, decreased energy, difficulty sleeping, thoughts of suicide, body aches and other physical symptoms.

Schizophrenia

Often called Paranoid Schizophrenia, people with this disorder often lose touch with reality. They may have unreasonable thoughts (be delusional) or see and hear things no one else does (hallucinations). It usually appears in the late teens-early

ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder)/ ADD

disorders commonly seen in children who have trouble paying attention and are easily distracted. Common symptoms are inattention, hyperactivity and impulsiveness. Although more common in children, it also occurs in adults.

Eating Disorders

People with eating disorders have an abnormal fear of gaining weight, and see themselves overweight when they are in fact underweight.

Anorexia Nervosa

characterized by excessive dieting and exercising, may use diet pills and laxatives.

Poses serious physical health problems, including heart failure and potentially death.

Bulimia Nervosa

characterized by cycles of binging (eating out of control) and purging (vomiting).

poses serious physical health problems, including heart failure and potentially death.

Psychotherapy

Also called counseling; various talking therapies with a trained professional.

Medication

Prescription medications can be prescribed by a doctor to treat the symptoms of mental illnesses or help the brain function normally.

Hospitalization

For severe cases of mental illness, or for treatment of an addiction, where a person needs constant care, such as rehab.

Substance & Addictive Disorders

Drug abuse is considered a mental illness because the drug (or addictive substance) starts to alter the way the person behaves, and can start to change the structure and function of the brain. ______ ______ can include gambling, compulsive buying, kleptomania, or any behavior that a person cannot control.

Psychologist

Medical professional who specializes in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of mental illnesses. Can only use psychotherapy.

Psychiatrist

Medical doctor (MD) who also prevents, diagnoses and treats mental illness, but additionally they can prescribe medications and order medical diagnostic tests. (They attend several years of a Psychiatry residency following medical school).

5 main food groups

• Fruits

• Grains

• Vegetables

• Protein

• Dairy

Stress

Physical reactions to real or perceived danger.

Common signs of chronic stress

• Aches and stress

• Decreases energy

• Trouble concentrating

• Muscle tension

• Difficulty sleeping

• Nervousness anxiety

Ways to reduce stress

• Find source of stress, do you usually know why you are stressed?

• Think about something else

• Listen to calming sounds

• have hobbies

• mediate

• sleep

• be with others

Abraham Maslow (1908 - 1970)

New york psychologist who noticed, while working with rhesus monkeys, that some needs take precedence over other. For example, if you are hungry & thirsty, you will take drink over food. You can go longer without food than fluids!

Why did maslow arrange his list of human needs as a hierarchy?

According to maslow, people strive to meet their unmet needs ; however, the lower needs must be met before

What are the implications for Health care professionals?

• Physiological Needs

• Sensory needs

• Motor needs

• Safety and security needs

• Love and belonging needs

• Esteem needs

*Health care workers must understand and recognize the actions that individuals take to meet their needs.

Physiological Needs

breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostatsis, excretion

Provide adequate oxygen, food, fluids, sleep, temp, elimination

Sensory needs

hearing, seeing, feeling, taste, mental stimulation

Motor needs

muscular stimulation; prevention of atrophy

Safety and security needs

security of body, emloment, resources, morality, family, health, property

- relives anxiety and fear

-Educate, answer questions

-provide secure enviroment

-provide order and rountine

Love and belonging needs

Friendship, family, sexual intimacy

-strive to understand likes, dislikes, concerns

-spend time with indubidual, aboid hurried or rused attitude

- support their need to spend time with others

-Be empathetic, considerate, patient, fair

-Have a positive attidtude

Esteem needs

• self-esteem, confidence, echivement, resect of other/for others

• Focus on strengths and assets

• Consider their individual needs and abilities

• Be available and approachable

• Encourage independence and participation

• Respect differences in values

Self-actualization

• morality, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts; ability to meet your ongoing goals as they change throughout life

• Provide a connection to real life

• When needs are felt, individuals are motivated to act. 

• If the need is met, satisfaction is obtained

• If the Need is not met, tension or frustration occurs

Direct methods

hard work, setting realistic goals, situation evaluation, cooperation w/ others. Work by meeting the need and obtaining satisfaction or success.

Indirect methods

Defense mechanisms that reduce the need or relieve the tension and frustration created by the unmet need. (Acting out , regression, denial, and isolation are examples)

Defense mechanisms

• Unconscious strategies or acts that help a person deal with their undesirable behavior or feelings. All behavior has a purpose. 

• Everyone uses defense mechanisms at some point 

• Some use is helpful and allows the individual to cope with certain situations 

• Can be negative if used in place of healthier ways of coping 

• Not always negative unless they interfere with reality 

Male reproductive system

Works to produce sperm and deliver it to the female reproductive system

Sperm

Sex cell that are produced by the testes and are needed to fertilize an egg

Eggs/ova

sex cells for the female system which are produced by the overies

Fertilization

The process by which a sperm and an egg and their genetic material join to create a new human life.

Testicles

reproductive organs of male that produce sperm and testostorone.

Testortorone

major male sex hormone. It regulates body changes during puberty and influences sperm production.

Scrotum

a sac containing the testes. Muscles in it move it closer or further from the body to regulate temprature.

Penis

male reproductive organ that removes urine from the body abd cab delover sperm to the female system.

Urethra

Urine or sperm pass through here.

Jock itch

Fungal infection of the groin area; exposure to moisture and heat increases the risk of jock itch

Cystitis

inflammation of the urinary bladder; usually due to bacterial infection

Prostatitis

Infection of prostrate; can be transmitted sexually

Inguinal hernia

Bulging of portion of the intestines or other structure through a weakness in the abdominal wall.

Eriksons’s stages

Approximate Age	Psychosocial Crisis/Task	Virtue Developed
Infant – 18 months	Trust vs Mistrust	Hope
18 months – 3 years	Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt	Will
3 – 5 years	Initiative vs Guilt	Purpose
5 – 13 years	Industry vs Inferiority	Competency
13 – 21 years	Identity vs Confusion	Fidelity
21 – 39 years	Intimacy vs Isolation	Love
40 – 65 years	Generativity vs Stagnation	Care
65 and older	Integrity vs Despair	Wisdom

Maslow’s hierarchy

1. Self-actualization

2. Esteem needs

3. Love/Belonging needs

4. Safety needs

5. Psychological needs

Female reproductive system

To produce eggs and to provide a place to support and nourish a developing human.

Ovaries

Create eggs and the hormones estrogen and proestrogen

Vagina

connects outside body to the uterus and receives sperm during reproduction. Also part of the brith canal through which a baby is delivered.

Fallopian tubes

travel from the uterus through the fallopian tubes

Vaginitis

Vaginal infection by fungus, bacteria, or protozoa: may also be from a STD

Delayed puberty

late puberty due to anorexia, endocrine problems, excesive weight loss and/or overexcercise

Ovarian cyst

Failure of follicle in ovary to rupture and release an egg; may also be from growths or cancer

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

poisoning of body from bacteria in vagina; often related to tampon use