Summer Exam Authoritarian states - EMERGENCE

But first...

Mussolini's key dates

When was the formation of an independent Italy (from Austria)?

1861

When were the palpal states incorporated into the Italian Kingdom?

1870

When did Italy invade Lybia?

1911

When was 'Red week'

June 1914

When did Mussolini found Il Polpo d'Italia?

November 1914

When did Italy sign the Treaty of London? (+ additional info)

May 1915 - 'Radiant days of may'; participation in WWI leads to inflation

When was the start of bienno rosso?

January 1919

When was the Fasci di Combattimento created and where?

March 1919 in Milan

When was the fascist programme published?

June 1919

When did D'Annunzio take Fiume?

September 1919

When was the first use of proportional representation in elections - were any fascists elected?

November 1919 - No

When did Bienno Rosso continue until with a wave of factory occupations; electoral victory for the socialists?

September 1920

When was the formation of the PNF?

October 1920

When was Mussolini elected leader of the PNF?

November 1920

When was the General Strike that was broken up by fascist violence?

1922 July-August

When was the March on Rome where Mussolini was appointed prime minister?

October 1922

When was the Manifesto of Fascist Intellectuals published?

1925

When was the Doctrine of Fascism published?

1932

Now for...

Mao's key dates

When was the first Sino-Japanese war?

1894-1895

When was the Boxer rebellion?

1898-1901

When was the Chinese Republic established?

January 1912

When did the period of Warlordism begin in China?

June 1916

When was the First National Congress of the Chinese Communist party held and who is one of the 12 delegates?

July 1921 - Mao

When did Jiang Jieshi and GMD undertake the northern campaign against warlords?

July 1926

When was the massacre of the communists in Shanghai that leads the GMD to break alliance with the communists?

April 1927

When did the GMD establish central governance in China with Jiang Jieshi as the president and what was the name of the capital?

October 1928 - Nanjing

When did Japan begin the invasion of Manchuria?

September 1931

When was Mao established as the head of the Chinese Soviet Republic at Jiangxi?

November 1931

When did the communists undertake the Long March and where was their new base established?

October 1934 - October 1935 - Ya'an

When did Japan capture Beijing and the GMD/Communists form the united front?

July 1937

When did the united front gradually breaks when Jiang's forces attack communist troops?

1941

When is Japan defeated in WWII and forced to withdraw from China?

September 1945

When does full scale civil war break out between the GMD and the communsits?

June 1946

When do the communist forces capture Beijing?

January 1949

When is the People's Republic of China proclaimed in Beijing by Mao Zedong?

October 1949

List the political and economic conditions in Italy before 1914 that contributed towards the emergence of an authoritarian regime? (3 main ones)

- Italian politics and the impact of Transformismo

- Regional divisions

- The problems of terra irredenta & desire for empire

What happened to Italian politics after unification?

Dominated by liberals who helped to modernise Italy through social reforms

Name some of these liberal social reforms?

State education (to break the conservative influence of the catholic church) and stimulating economic development/progress

What united the liberals despite being split into 'left-liberals' and conservative liberals?

United in distrusting the masses who had played little part in the struggle for unification

What did the liberals particularly fear following unification? (4)

Socialists, anarchists and republicans (left) and the Catholic church (right)

Why did the liberals fear these groups?

They all opposed the new liberal state

How did the liberals therefore attempt to keep politics firmly under their control?

The electorate was restricted - only 2% of population could vote

Therefore, how did this lead to the process of transformismo (transformism)?

Many Italians resented this restricted franchise and corrupt politics it encouraged Politicians formed factions that made deals with one another to alternate political control :(

When was the franchise gradually extended but still not ending transformismo?

1912 all adult males were allowed to vote

What was this political disunity in Italy intensified by?

The hostility of the Papacy towards the new Italian State

Why did the papacy dislike the new Italian state?

Originally in 1890's out of fear it might give way to socialism

When and why did the pope allow Catholics to vote? (but still not creating any real harmony)

In 1904 and in constituencies where abstaining might result in a socialist victory.

In additional to political problems why were the people of the new Kingdom of Italy not really united?

Many Italians felt more loyalty towards their town or region than the national government.

What geographical factors of Italy hindered communication and what did this do in terms of division?

Mountains and small islands hindered the development of a truly national identity among it's 30mn people

Where in particular did not feel a sense of national identity in Italy?

In the south that had neglected road and railway development in an attempt to stop the spread of liberal and revolutionary ideas.

What did these problems of communication and transport also contribute to?

The economic division in Italy - the south was v. poor in comparison to the north and central areas

How was land in the south restricted (e.g. for farming)?

By geography and climate - most fertile land were part of large estates, Atifundia, owned by a small portion of wealth land owners

How was agriculture different in northern and central Italy?

More developed e.g. modern farming machinery & methods BUT still much less productive than countries in N. Europe.

Why was there still significant social divisions in the more advanced agricultural areas?

Most of the land was owned by Agrari who rented the lad to poorer farmers and peasant sharecroppers.

Who was at the bottom of the social scale?

Large class of rural labourers - poverty and discontent led to conflict between the classes.

What was the biggest difference between North and South?

Industry

What led to the creation of an industrial working class, a sizeable lower-middle class and a powerful class of rich industrialists and bankers?

The Fiat company est. 1899 and by 1913 exporting over 4000 cars a year

What happened to the south while the north saw expanding industry?

No investment

Due to clashes between employers and employees what did the workers do?

Join the socialists or anarchists and in 1904 a General Strike took place

What else did the dissatisfaction felt by many Italians do?

Led them to immigrate (majority to USA)

Moving on from regional differences, what did many Italians realise after 1870?

Risorgimento was not complete

Why was Risorgimento ('Renaissance') not considered complete?

There was Terra Irredenta in Europe and many hoped Italian Unification meant that Italy could join the top rank European powers and establish and empire

What example did the Italians look at for Risogrimento?

Germany - newly created in 1871 - which had started to obtain colonies in Africa and Asia

When did Italy begin building its empire?

1885

What was the first step to Italian Empire building? (2 places)

Acquisition of the port of Massawa in the Red sea and conquest for Italian Somaliland

By 1890 what would the Port Massaw become?

The centre of Italian Colony of Eritrea

What was the problem with this empire building?

Tensions grew with the African State of Abyssinia which bordered both Massawa and Somaliland

When did Italy invade the Turkish colony of Lybia? (and why?)

1911 to increase the size of it's empire and stop growing French influence in Northern Africa

When did Turkey formally accept it's loss?

1912

What did Italian nationalists still do?

Press for aggressive imperial policy (still angry about defeat by Abyssinia in 1876)

Guess what...It's time for...

Mao!

How did political conditions in China in the early 20th century contribute to the emergence of a communist state? (summary from textbook)

China had endured '100 years of humiliation' by foreigners following its defeat in the opium wars of 1839-42 and 1856-60 and by the Japanese in 1894-5. Industrialising nations, led by Britain, sought to make profits in China and divided the country into 'spheres of influence'

What did this resentment of foreign domination provoke?

The Boxer Rebellion of 1898-1901

In the early 20th century why were peasants resentful?

Struggling to survive with heavy govt taxes

Why were towns people resentful?

Under pressure from inflation and hostile tow corrupt govt officials.

Why were students resentful?

Foreign influence and the failure of the dynasty to bring about effective reforms

What united these three groups?

1911 revolutionary uprising

Who was the recognised leader of the revolutionary uprisisng?

Sun Yat Sen who had formed the revolutionary league in 1905

What happened to the Qing dynasty following southern China being swept up in the movement and the proclamation of a Chinese republic?

The Qing dynast (ruled since 1644) collapsed -ending almost 200 years of Imperialist rule

Who was declared the president of the new National Assembly?

Sun Yat Sen

When was the Republic formally established?

1st January 1912 with the last emperor the 6 year old baddie Puyi abdicating in February

When did Sun resign and who replaced him?

March in favour of Yuan Shikai

When was the Nationalist Guomindang party (GMD) established?

August 1912 with Sun Yat Sen as it's leader

Was Yuan a good leader?

No - he failed to meet expectations and even tried to declare himself Emperor

What happened following Yuan's death in 1916?

Many of his formed subordinates took the opportunity to seize control of their own provinces and refused to acknowledge the authority of the republic and behaved as independent warlords

What else increased Chinese humiliation?

The end of WW1 in Europe in 1918

Why was the Treaty of Versailles so humiliating to china?

Gave former German concessions in China to the Japanese, which provoked a patriotic march of students in Beijing on May 4th 1919 - this was followed by nation wide demonstrations

When did Jiang Jieshi take leadership of GMD?

1925 - followed by 1926 campaigns to stop the warlords

Who was among those supporting Jieshi's efforts?

communists e.g. Mao Zedong who worked among peasants in Hunan and Zhou Enlai who helped organise a trike among Shanghai workers, thus allowing for the GMD to take the city in 1927

How did Jiang view the communists?

As a threat - Japanese = 'disease of the skin' but Communists = 'a disease of the heart'

What did Jiang do to the communists?

Tuned his back on them after taking Shanghai - thousands killed, expelled GMD's Soviet adivisors

Who were Jiang's actions popular amongst?

Business class who provided loans to try to keep communism out of China

By when had Jiang overcome Warlordism sufficiently?

1912

How had Jiang overcome warlordism?

Capture Beijing and establishing central govt with Nanjing as capital, more stable currency and some industrial growth but the Japanese remained in Manchuria and set up a puppet administration.

How did conditions during 1914-1922 contribute to Mussolini's rise to power? (5)

- The impact of WW1 & the peace treaties (1914-19)

- The Italian Socialists Party (PSI) - the socialist 'threat'

- The threat from the right

- Fascist violence, the Ras & Mussolini

(- The March on Rome 1922)

What were the different attitudes towards Italian participation in WW1?

- Socialists wanted to be neutral

- Nationalists = opportunity for more land and expansion of empire

- Liberal govt - reclaim terra irredenta and just had to chose which side

What did the negotiations from 1914-15 reveal?

Austria would never concede Trentino or Triste. However, Entente nations promised South Tyrol and Istria and Northern Dalmatia on the Atlantic coast

What occurred during parliament debate?

Interventionists organised demonstrations demanding involvement in the war