chapter 19 part 2 (WBCs and platelets)

WBCs (leukocytes)

• produced in nucleus (same RBCs)

• function: protection (immunity, etc.)

• most are capable of movement becaus ethya re in-tact cells

2 categories of WBCs

• granulocytes

  • neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

• agranulocytes

  • lymphocytes, monocytes

granulocytes

• granules found in the cytoplasm of these

  • the granules contain proteins

• multi-lobulated nucleus - easiest to find nucleus in these

• phils

neutrophils

• granules in these do’’t show up in cytoplasm - clear

• nucleus is obvious because no granules covering; funky

• in blood for 10-12 hours, then move to tissues

  • attract to wounds, breaks in skin, etc.

• phagocytosis

• signaled by autocrine symbols

• dying neutrophils create pus

  • splinter

• only live for a few days in the blood - die for the cause

• high count = fever, pain, etc.

phagocytosis

eat anything that doesn’t belong in tissue

• neutrophils perform

eosinophils

• produce red granuoles

• high count when parasites and allergies

basophils

• rarest type of WBC

• blue/purple

agranulocytes

• w/o granules

• specific responders for immune system

  • lymphocytes and monocytes

lymphocytes

• smallest of WBCs

• round

• aka B cells (make antibodies) and T cells (recognize antigens as not self)

• involved in transfusion reaction (tissue rejection)

monocytes

• stay in circulation for a few days, go out to tissue

• macrophages - eat things that don’t belong

• clean up cells

• hang in the tissues for a long time, can even mitosis

plasma

• connection for all body fluids

• liquid part of blood

thrombocytes (PLTs/platelets)

• fibrinogens (plasma protein) to clot blood

• NOT in tact cells when in circulation

• megakaryocytes fragment to become these

• its sticky because of its glycoproteins

  • stickiness helps its job (clotting)

platelets are viable/functional for how long

• 5-9 days

• why you stop taking aspirin 1 week before surgery

why are adults recommended to take aspirin every day

• it prevents clotting, makes platelets permanently less sticky

• prevents strokes

• why old people bruise often, less clotting = more bruising/bleeding

hemostasis

• the process of stopping blood loss/clotting

  • coagulation (NOT AGGLUTINATION)

clotting factors

fibrinogen

the 3 steps of hemostasis

1. vascular spasm

2. platelet plug formation

3. coagulation

act as a cascade - one after another

vascular spasm

• immediate/temporary

• smooth muscle at the site of injury has a spasm and contracts

  • makes any BV in the damaged area smaller to reduce bleeding

platelet plug formation

• process where a platelet plug forms to prevent further loss of blood from a damaged vessel

• “primary homeostasis”

fibrinogens

• “clotting factors”

• produce fibrin —> already present in plasma, but must be activated (by injury) to form the fibrin

• makes the blood clot stronger - holds everything in place for the healing to occur

intrinsic cascade

responds to spontaneus, intravascular damage

extrinsic clotting pathway

begins in the tissues, activated secondary to external trauma

• both depend on where injury occurs

hemophilia

• no genes or clotting factors

  • there are many types because there are different genes for each clotting factors

liver requires what nutrient to make these clotting proteins

vitamin K

warfarin

• drug given to people to prevent them from clottng too much and having strokes

• lowers vit. K in liver, therefore lowering clotting proteins

• “rodenticide” because causes rodents to bleed to death internally

fibrinolysis

• once blood clot is formed and structurally sound, it starts breaking down blood clot so blood flow can occur again and the tissue can continue its function

serum

• plasma without the fibrinogens → fluid part of blood that is left after the blood is clotted

• easier to measure this because less sticky

  • doesn’t test for clotting speed./fcn. because it has no fibrinogens

whole blood transfusion

• do a type and cross match

cross match

• give donor RBCs and mix it with recipient antibodies (plasma/serum)

• give donor antibodies (plasma/serum) and mix with recipient RBCs

• do BOTH - why whole blood transfusion is much harder to do

hematocrit

percent of RBCs in your blood - gives you a quick screen if someone has anemia