biology12 reviewer for exam (1st quarter)

what does “bios” means?

life

what does “logos” means?

study

what is the ability of an organisms to carry out process that maintain, grow and sustain itself overtime?

life

what does DORHDERA stand for?

development and growth, organization, response to stimuli, homeostasis, DNA, energy use, reproduction, adaptation

what is the study of living things and their vital process?

biology

which characteristics refers to living things grow in size and develop from a simplier form into a more complex organism.

development and growth

what characteristics explains that all living things are highly organized. they are made of cells, which from tissues, organs and organ system that are working together?

organization

what characteristics refers to organisms reacting to changes in their environment?

response to stimuli

what characteristic allows an organism to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in the external environment?

homeostasis

what molecule carries genetic information from parents to offspring?

DNA

what characteristics refer to the need of organisms to obtain and use energy for life processes?

energy use

what characteristic allows organism to produce offspring?

reproduction

what characteristic refers to changes that help organisms survive in their environment over generations?

adaptation

who discovered cells while examining a piece of cork and coined the term “cell” ?

robert hooke

who observed living cells and called them animalcules?

anton van leeuwenhoek

who proposed that all plants are made of cells?

matthias schleiden

who concluded that all animals are made of cells?

theodor schwann

who researched cells and stated “omnis cellula e cellula”?

rudolf virchow

what are the three postulate of cell theory?

all organisms are composed of cells, the cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life, all cells arise from pre existing cells through cell division

what is abiogenesis?

the idea that life can arise from non living matter

• was the old belief that living organisms could arise from non living matter spontaneously.

abiogenesis

what is biogenesis?

life comes from pre existing life

is the principle that all living organisms come only from pre existing living organisms

biogenesis

who proposed the idea that life could arise from non living matter through spontaneous generation?

• he argued that specific environments ( like mud or decaying matter) contained "pneuma" or vital heat, which could spontaneously organize non living components into simple living organisms like insects, worms and frogs.

aristotle

what did jan baptista van helmont believe could be produced through spontaneous generation?

mice

• he believe that dirty, sweaty clothes together with wheat grains in an open container for about 21 days would produce mice.

• he concluded that mice are formed spontaneously from the combination of dirty clothes and wheat.

jan baptista van helmont

tiny fossils of ancient micro organisms found in old rocks.

microfossils

layered rocks structures built by microbial communities

stromatolites

chemicals in ancient rocks that indicate biological activity

chemical signatures

• aim to test whether maggots come from rotten meat spontaneously

• conclusion... maggots come from flies, not from meat. living organisms come from pre existing living organisms. ( supported biogenesis)

francesco redi

• aim to test whether micro organisms appear in broth spontaneously

• conclusion... microorganisms do not arise spontaneously in broth, they come from other micro organisms in the air. ( supported biogenesis)

lazzaro spallanzani

• his famous experiment is the swan neck flask experiment

• by sterilizing nutrient broth in specially curved flask, he demonstrated that airborne dust and microbes get trapped in the neck, keeping that broth sterile.

louis pasteur

what part of the microscope supports the slide and allows the light to pass through the specimen?

stage

which part of the microscope produces most of the magnification?

objective lens

which part of the microscope controls the amount of light passing through the stage

diaphragm

which part turns the microscope light on and off?

light switch

which part illuminates the specimen by providing bright light?

illuminator

which knob is used to make small focus adjustments, especially when using the high power objective?

fine adjustment knob

which microscope part supports the lenses, mirrors, and body tube?

arm

which part is used to view the enlarge specimen and contains the ocular lens?

eyepiece

which parts of the microscope contains mirrors and allows the body tube to rotate 360 degrees

rotating head

which part of the microscope supports the microscope and contains electronics?

base

which part of the microscope moves the stage up and down quickly. used to find a specimen when using the low power objective.

coarse adjustment knob

which part of microscope passes the light from the head to the eyepiece?

body tube

the shortest lens, used to locate the specimen, scan the widest field of view, and initially focus on the sample. (4x)

scanning objective

provides medium magnification, allowing for a clearer view of the specimen’s basic structure and layout. (10x)

low power objective

the longest standard lens, used to view detailed cell structures and microorganisms. (40x)

high power objective

provides the highest magnification. it requires a drop of specialized immersion oil between the slide and the lens to bridge the air gap, preventing light refraction and maximizing image resolution. (100x)

oil immersion objective

what does the greek word “karyon” mean?

nucleus

what does the prefix “pro” mean in prokaryotic?

before

what does the prefix ”eu” mean in eukaryotic?

true

where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

nucleoid region

which type of cell does not have a membrane bound nucleus?

prokaryotic cell

which organisms are examples of prokaryotes?

bacteria and archaea

which structure is found both in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

ribosomes

what organisms are eukaryotes?

fungi

a bacterium is classified as what type of organism?

prokaryote

a mushroom belongs to which type of organism?

eukaryotes

which organelle is known as the control center of the cell because it contains the cell’s DNA?

nucleus

which organelle is responsible for producing most of the cell’s energy?

mitochondrion

which organelle is responsible for making proteins?

ribosome

what is the jelly like substance inside the cell where many cellular activities take place?

cytoplasm

which structure surrounds the cell and controls what enters and leaves it?

cell membrane