Blood Bank Exam 1: Day 1 Lectures

Phenotype definition

The physical appearance of a trait

genotype definition

genetic makeup

how are blood types inherited

codominant alleles from each parent

public gene definition

common gene found in much of the population

private gene definition

rare gene

what kind of cell makes antibodies

b lymphocytes

antigen definition

substance that can react with the product of an immune response

immunogen definition

antigen that causes a detectable immune response

not all __________ are ___________

not all antigens are immunogens

what is immunogenicity

the ability to elicit an immune response

what is immunogenicity dependant on

degree of foreignness

molecular size and configuration

antigenic complexity

what is an epitope

the part of an antigen molecule to which an antibody attaches itself

what are haptens

antigens too small to provoke immune responses; attach to carrier molecules

what is an alloantibody

antibody against a foreign substance

what is an autoantibody

antibody against oneself

what part of the Ab determines the class (IgG/IgM)

the heavy chain

which Ab (IgM/IgG) fixes complement

IgM

IgG is variable

what Ab can cross the placenta (IgM/IgG)

IgG

what Ab is more common in the serum (IgM/IgG)

IgG

which Ab has a longer half life (IgM/IgG)

IgG

which Ab agglutinates in saline (IgM/IgG)

IgM

IgG variable

optimal temp for IgG

37

optimal temp for IgM

<37 (room temp)

end goal of complement

breakdown of the targeted cell

which Ab rises first when exposed to an antigen

IgM

which Ab has a strong response upon second exposure to an antigen

IgG

factors that affect Ag-Ab RXNs

pH

temp

ionic strength

type of antibody

incubation time

antigen/antibody ratio

what is zeta potential

Force of repulsion between RBC's

type A neg person would have result

Anti-A: pos

Anti-B: neg

Anti-D: neg

A1 cell: neg

B cell: pos

type A pos person would have this result

Anti-A: pos

Anti-B: neg

Anti-D: pos

A1 cell: neg

B cell: pos

type B neg person would have this result

Anti-A: neg

Anti-B: pos

Anti-D: ne

A1 cell: pos

B cell: neg

type B pos person would have this reult

Anti-A: neg

Anti-B: pos

Anti-D: pos

A1 cell: pos

B cell: neg

type AB neg person would have this result

Anti-A: pos

Anti-B: pos

Anti-D: neg

A1 cell: neg

B cell: neg

type AB pos person would have this result

Anti-A: pos

Anti-B: pos

Anti-D: pos

A1 cell: neg

B cell: neg

type O neg person would have this result

Anti-A: neg

Anti-B: neg

Anti-D: neg

A1 cell: pos

B cell: pos

type O pos person would have this result

Anti-A: neg

Anti-B: neg

Anti-D: pos

A1 cell: pos

B cell: pos

what are on RBCS

proteins

carbs

what is Landsteiner's rule

Ab are present in plasma only when the corresponding Ag is not present on the RBCs.

are there differences in the frequency of blood types dependent on ethnicity?

yes!

ABO genes are found on this chromosome

chromosome 9

Genes that contribute to ABO

A1

A2

B

O1

O2

inheritance pattern of ABO

codominant

H gene is found on this chromosome

chromosome 19

Genes that contribute to H

FUT 1

Hh

inheritance pattern of H

dominant

Se gene is found on this chromosome

chromosome 19

Genes that contribute to He

FUT2

Sese

inheritance pattern of Se

dominant

what sugar is A blood type

GalNac

what sugar is B blood type

galactose

H sugar

fucose

what is the ancestral/original ABO allele

A1

how do changes happen to A and B genes to create new blood types

depetions

substitutions

insertions

changes in the promoter region

where are most of the exons

6 and 7

>:)

group O originated from this kind of mutation

deletion

A2 is a ___________ protein with ____________ activity

larger protein with reduced activity

how did A2 originate

deletion

H (FUT 1) gene product

a-2-L-fucosyltransferase

A1 and A2 gene product

a-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase

B gene product

a-3-D-galactosyltransferase

O gene product

none :)

Se (FUT 2) gene product

a-2-L-fucosyltransferase

what does the amino acid structure look like

an arm and hand

what is the hand part of the amino acid

catalytic domain

type 1 unbranched sugar is associated with this

1-3

type 2 unbranched sugar is associated with this

1-4

expression of ABH antigens according to type

Type 1:

ABH substance in secretions

expression of ABH antigens according to type

Type 2:

most ABH antigens on RBCs

expression of ABH antigens according to type

Type 3:

repetitive A antigen in A1 glycoprotein in secretion. glycolipid on RBCs

expression of ABH antigens according to type

Type 4:

glycolipids on RBCs

carry Pk, P, and A1

H antigen has this linkage

1-4

ABH antigens are carried on

protein and lipid structures on the RBC

most glycoproteins are on ____ gene and are associated with ________________

Rh gene

glycoprotein (RHAG)

what percent of ABH antigens are associated with glycoproteins

5-10%

how many copies of ABH are on the RBC

~1 million

ABO group antibodies

Anti-A

Anti-B

Anti-A,B

Anti-A1

which antibodies cause the most serious form of acute immune hemolysis

ABO

fatality rate of acute immune hemolysis

20%

what groups of people have less antibodies

immune compromised

old farts

babies

at what age do children get normal Ab levels

5-10 years old

what can increase Ab

infection

processed foods

women with >1 child

best temp for IgM

4

best temp for IgG

body temp

Anti-A and Anti-B are mostly this class of Ab

IgM

Group O are mostly this class of Ab

IgG

why are Ab an issue in transfusion

hemolytic transfusion reactions where the RBCs of the recipient and the transfused cells are lysed by Ab due to the introduction of a previously unknown antigen

why is anti-A.B reagent used

to confirm an O type

there should be no agglutination

what is anti-A1

found in 1-8% of A2 patience

considered insignifigant

what is lectin

a protein that binds to carbs

present in plants!!!

Anti A1 lectin is made from this plant

dolichos biflorus

Anti H lectin is made from this plant

ulex europaeus

H deficient phenotypes have an issue in this gene

FUT 1

important examples of H deficiency

bombay phenotype

para bombay phenotype

anti H

bombay phenotype description

Phenotype: Oh H deficient non secretor

Genes: hh, sese, (ABO)

RBCs: none

Saliva: none

para bombay phenotype description

Phenotype: H deficient secretor, OO

Genes: hh, Se, OO

RBCs: trace H

Saliva: H

anti H phenotype description

Phenotype: H deficient secretor. A and/or B

Genes: hh. Se, A, or B

RBCs: trace A or B

Saliva: H, A or B

reverse typing is looking for the patients

antibodies

forward typing is looking for the patients

antigens on RBCs

H expression in order of most to least (IMPORTANT)

O

A2

B

A2B

A1

A1B

H deficient

what is allelic suppression

when two genes interact resulting in a weak A expression