Biology unit 2 - area of study 3 outcome 3

What is a bioethical issue?

A moral or ethical question that arises from advances in biology, medicine, or biotechnology.

How can bioethical issues be identified?

By recognising situations where science, technology, and human values conflict — such as balancing health benefits with moral, religious, or environmental concerns.

What are key questions to identify a bioethical issue?

• Who or what is affected?

• What are the possible benefits and harms?

• Are there any rights or responsibilities involved?

• Does this issue raise fairness or justice concerns?

What are the characteristics of effective analysis of a bioethical issue?

• Clear identification of stakeholders (scientists, patients, society, environment).

• Balanced consideration of multiple viewpoints.

• Evidence-based reasoning using scientific facts and ethical principles.

• Recognition of consequences (short-term and long-term).

• Avoiding personal bias and using logical, fair argumentation.

What are the main ethical approaches used in bioethical analysis?

Consequence based, rules based, virtues based

What are the five ethical concepts?

Beneficence, respect, integrity, non-maleficence, justice

Consequence-based approach

An action is right if it leads to the best possible outcome for the greatest number of people. Focuses on the results or consequences of an action.

Rule-based approach

Actions are right or wrong based on whether they follow moral rules or duties — not on their outcomes. Focuses on the action itself and adherence to moral principles.

Virutes based approach

The morality of an action depends on the character, intentions, and virtues of the person performing it. Focuses on being a good, moral person — acting with honesty, compassion, and integrity.