Chpt 1 Patho Terminology

Anaerobic

referring to processes or organisms that do not require oxygen for growth or energy production.

Apoptosis

the process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms.

Autopsy

Examination of the body and organs after death

Biopsy

Excision of small amounts of living tissue for examination and diagnostic purposes.

Endogenous

Chemical toxis from the inside of the body.

Exogenous

Chemical toxis originating from outside the body or environment.

Gangrene

Area of necrotic tissue that has been invaded by bacteria.

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment despite external changes.

Hypoxia

Reduced oxygen in tissues, which can lead to cellular damage and dysfunction and nutritional deficits.

iatrogenic

error/treatment/procedure may cause the disease caused by medical intervention.

ex:catheter associated catheter-associated infections.

idiopathic

cause of disease is unknown or not well understood.

Inflammation

is the body's immediate response to injury or infection, characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Ischemia

inadequate supply of blood to the cells and tissues, resulting in a lack of oxygen and nutrients needed for cellular metabolism.

lysis

the breakdown or destruction of cells or tissues, often associated with disease or injury.

Lysosomal

organelles in cells that contain enzymes responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.

microorganisms

tiny living organisms, often microscopic, that can include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

microscopic

referring to organisms or structures that are so small they can only be seen with a microscope.

morphologic

pertaining to the form and structure of organisms or their parts.

necrosis

is the death of a group of cells that causes further damage due to cellular disintergration.

Probability

the likelihood of a specific event occurring, often expressed as a fraction or percentage.

Pyropoptosis

cell death as a result of microorganism, results in lysis causing nearby inflammation and tissue damage.

Seven steps to Health

1.Be a non smoker & avoid secondhand smoke,

2.Eat 5-10 servings of vegetables and fruits daily, limit alcohol 3.Engage in regular physical activity.

4.Protect yourself from the sun

5.Follow cancer screening guidelines.

6.Visit a doctor or dentist if there are any changes in the normal state of health,

7.Follow health and safetyguidelines at home and work, when using, storing, and disposing of hazardous materials.

Health

is the state of physical, mental, and social well-being.

Disease

is a deviation from the normal state of homeostasis.

Health Indicators

Age,Gender, Genetics, Environment, Activity Level

Prevention of disease

Maintain routine vaccinations programs.

Participation in screening programs

Community health programs

Regular routine doctor visits.

Primary Stage of Disease Prevention

Prevent the developement of disease/injury (ex. seat belts, nutrition, education)

Secondary Stage of Disease Prevention

After illness or risk factor diagnosis, follow medication regimen/follow-up with primary care physician.

Tertiary Disease Prevention

Manage complicated or long-term diseases (ex. diabetes)

Pathogenesis

Developement of the disease (beginning)

Prognosis

defines the probability or likelihood of recorery or other outcomes.

Epidemiology

Tracking the pattern or occurence of disease (major data collection centers: WHO and CDC

Occurrence of disease: Incidence

Number of new cases, in a given population within a given time period.

Occurrence of Disease: Prevalence

Number of new, old, or existing cases within a given population and time period.

Epidemics

A higher number of expected cases of an infectious disease occur within an area.

Pandemic

Involve a higher number of infectious disease in many regions of the globe (ex. covid)

Communicable Diseases

Infectious diseases that can spread from one person to another.

Atrophy

Decrease in the size of cells resulting in reduced tissue mass (ex. muscle mass/tone loss)

Hypertrophy

Increase in cell size resulting in enlarged tissue mass (ex.muscle gain)

Hyperplasia

Increased number of cells resulting in enlarged tissue mass (ex.pregnancy)

Metaplasia

Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type, often as an adaptive response to stress or injury.

Dysplasia

Abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues, or organs, often indicating an early stage of cancer.

Anaplasia

Undifferentiated cells, with variable nuclear and cell structures. are common in tumors and used for tumor grading.

Neoplasia

“New growth” commonly called a tumor, can be benign or cancerous