bio exam #2: cells & osmosis

what is domain eukarya?

organisms with complex cells, such as cell membranes, dna, nucleus, and mitochondria. some eukaryotes are unicellular (e.g., protists, fungi).

what are characteristics of kingdom animalia?

animals that lack a cell wall and are heterotrophic (eat other organisms to survive).

what are characteristics of kingdom plantae?

all plants that have cell walls made of cellulose. most are autotrophic (produce their own food), but some consume animals.

what is a plant cell wall made of?

cellulose.

what gives the fungi cell wall structure?

chitin, a polysaccharide.

what is domain archaea?

extremophiles that can live in extremely hot or cold temperatures, such as geysers or the bottom of the ocean. they can contain prokaryotes.

what are thermophiles?

archaea that live in high-temperature environments (e.g., geysers).

what are cyrophiles?

archaea that live in low-temperature environments.

what are piezophiles?

archaea that live in high-pressure environments (e.g., bottom of the ocean).

what are halophiles?

archaea that live in high-salt environments.

what are methanogens?

archaea that live off methane (found in swamps and wetlands).

what is the cell wall of bacteria made of?

peptidoglycan.

what do prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) lack?

a nucleus (dna floats around) and a cell membrane (according to the note).

what is mycology the study of?

fungi.

what are the products of photosynthesis?

glucose (c6h{12}o6) and oxygen (o2).

what does 'heterotrophic' mean?

eats other organisms.

what does 'autotrophic' mean?

produces its own food.

how do eukaryotes differ from prokaryotes regarding the nucleus?

eukaryotes have a true nucleus, as the dna is enclosed inside.

what do yeasts produce when they ferment sugars?

carbon dioxide (co_2) for baking/brewing and ethanol/ethyl alcohol.

what percentage of the earth's atmosphere is nitrogen?

78\%.

what percentage of the earth's atmosphere is oxygen?

21\%.

what are the steps in photosynthesis?

1. absorb light energy via chloroplasts. 2. take in co2 from air and water from soil. 3. convert it into glucose (c6h{12}o6). 4. release oxygen as a byproduct.

what are the 3 c's, the main features of plants?

central vacuoles (stores water and nutrients), chloroplasts (converts sunlight into energy), and cellulose cell wall (supports the cells).

what is the chemical formula for glucose?

c6h{12}o_6.

organism resembling animals with a cell wall

does not belong to kingdom animalia, as animals are defined by the absence of a cell wall.

protists

the 'catch-all' kingdom for eukaryotes; if eukaryotic but not clearly an animal, plant, or fungus, it's likely a protist.

photosynthesis equation

co2 + h2o \rightarrow c6h{12}o6 + o2

pathogenic fungi

fungi that can cause infections (e.g., candida albicans) leading to health issues like ringworm and thrush.

fungi characteristics

heterotrophic (absorb nutrients from environment) and possess cell walls made of chitin.

key distinction between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

eukaryotes have a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles; prokaryotes do not.

role of plants in air quality

take in carbon dioxide (co_2) and