Chapter 25 & 26

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts related to infectious respiratory problems, pneumonia, tuberculosis, and other related conditions.

Pneumonia

Excess fluid in the lungs resulting from an inflammatory process triggered by infectious organisms or inhalation of irritants.

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)

Pneumonia acquired outside of a hospital or healthcare setting.

Nosocomial pneumonia (HAP)

Hospital-acquired pneumonia that occurs 48 hours or more after admission.

VAP

Ventilator-associated pneumonia, a type of pneumonia that occurs in people who are on mechanical ventilation.

Symptoms of pneumonia

Includes cough, fever, chills, dyspnea, and productive cough with yellow or bloodstreaked sputum.

Pneumonia assessment

Involves history, physical examination, and monitoring of vital signs such as temperature and respiratory rate.

Sputum culture

A laboratory test that helps identify the infectious organisms causing pneumonia.

Chest X-ray

An imaging test used to diagnose pneumonia; may not always show acute changes.

Tuberculosis (TB)

A highly communicable disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, often spreading via aerosolization.

Latent TB

A condition where individuals are infected with TB bacteria but do not have active disease and are not contagious.

PPD Skin Test

A diagnostic test to determine past exposure to TB, indicated by induration of 10mm or greater.

RIPE therapy

Combination drug therapy for TB involving Rifampin, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, and Ethambutol.

Lung Abscess

Localized destruction of lung tissue caused by liquefaction necrosis related to infection.

Empyema

The collection of pus in the pleural space, often resulting from pulmonary infection or lung abscess.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

A blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs, often due to blood clots that travel to the lungs.

What is pneumonia?

Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which may fill with fluid.

What causes pneumonia?

Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or inhalation of irritants.

What are common risk factors for pneumonia?

Risk factors include age (very young or elderly), smoking, chronic illness, and weakened immune systems.

How is pneumonia diagnosed?

Diagnosis can involve medical history, physical exam, imaging tests like chest X-rays, and laboratory tests.

What complications can arise from pneumonia?

Complications can include respiratory failure, sepsis, and lung abscesses.

What are the treatments for pneumonia?

Treatment may include antibiotics, antiviral medications, oxygen therapy, and sometimes hospitalization.

How can pneumonia be prevented?

Preventive measures include vaccination, good hygiene, and avoiding smoking.