biol215 week 3

FDA

U.S. Food and Drug Administration regulating therapeutics.

Monoclonal antibodies

Antibodies produced from identical immune cells.

Spider silk proteins

Biomaterials with exceptional strength and biocompatibility.

Sweet proteins

Proteins significantly sweeter than sucrose.

E. coli

Common prokaryotic host for recombinant protein production.

Promoter

Sequence initiating transcription of a gene.

Recombinant DNA technology

Techniques to manipulate DNA for protein production.

Gene cloning

Isolating and replicating a specific gene.

Bioremediation

Using organisms to clean up environmental pollutants.

Human insulin

First recombinant protein produced in E. coli.

Ribosome binding site (RBS)

Sequence where ribosome attaches for translation initiation.

Transcription termination

Process stopping RNA synthesis.

Codon usage

Frequency of codon occurrence affecting protein expression.

Intron removal

Elimination of non-coding sequences for expression.

Disulphide bonds

Covalent bonds crucial for protein folding.

T7 promoter

Strong promoter used in T7 RNA polymerase systems.

pET series

Common plasmids for high-level protein expression.

Stable mRNA

mRNA designed to resist degradation.

Protease inhibitors

Compounds preventing protein degradation by proteases.

Gene therapy

Treatment by altering genes to cure diseases.

Regulated promoters

Promoters controlling gene expression levels.

Expression systems

Biological systems used to produce proteins.

Inducible promoters

Promoters activated under specific conditions.

Transcription initiation

Beginning of RNA synthesis at the promoter.

Eukaryotic expression

Protein production in eukaryotic cells.

Biocompatibility

Compatibility of materials with biological systems.

RNA instability

Terminal fusions may enhance mRNA stability.

Protein instability

Secretion helps remove proteins from cytoplasm.

Protease deficient mutants

Mutants lacking proteases affect protein degradation.

Disulphide bond requirement

Essential for protein folding in eukaryotes.

Reducing environment

E. coli's cytoplasm prevents disulphide bond formation.

Eukaryotic expression host

Used for proteins needing disulphide bonds.

Origami strains

E. coli strains enhancing disulphide bond formation.

RNA stability at RBS

Secondary structures may block translation initiation.

Inclusion body formation

Incorrect folding leads to insoluble protein aggregates.

Direct expression vectors

Produce recombinant proteins directly.

Fusion protein expression

Combines target protein with purification tags.

Secretion system

Transports proteins to periplasm for overexpression.

Co-expression

Simultaneous expression of multiple genes.

DUET vectors

Contain two cloning sites for co-expression.

Rosetta strains

Enhance expression of rare codon proteins.

Purification tags

Tags like His-tag aid in protein purification.

Detection tags

Used for identifying proteins via antibodies.

Eukaryotic expression systems

Includes yeast, insect, mammalian, and plant cells.

Post-translational modifications

Chemical changes to proteins after synthesis.

Glycosylation

Addition of sugar moieties to proteins.

Yeast advantages

Quick growth and some post-translational capabilities.

World's first recombinant vaccine

Produced in yeast using HBV surface protein.

Transgenic plants

Plants modified for traits like herbicide resistance.

mRNA vaccines

Use mRNA to produce proteins for immunity.

Transgenic sheep

Animals engineered to produce specific proteins.

Recombinant DNA Technology

Method for combining DNA from different sources.

Gene Cloning

Process of making copies of a specific gene.

Recombinant Clones

Clones containing recombinant DNA molecules.

Genetic Engineering

Manipulation of an organism's genes.

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction for DNA amplification.

Gibson Assembly

Method for joining multiple DNA fragments.

Cloning Vectors

DNA molecules used to transfer genetic material.

Plasmids

Circular DNA used as cloning vectors.

Artificial Chromosomes

Synthetic chromosomes used for gene cloning.

Transformation

Process of introducing DNA into a host cell.

Electroporation

Using electric shock to introduce DNA into cells.

Positive Selection

Selecting for cells with desired traits.

Negative Selection

Eliminating cells lacking desired traits.

Colony PCR

Technique to identify clones with specific inserts.

Sanger DNA Sequencing

Method for determining nucleotide sequences.

Gene Therapy

Treatment of disease by modifying genes.

Genome Editing

Precise alterations of DNA in organisms.

Recombineering

In vivo genetic engineering using homologous recombination.

Antibiotic Resistance

Ability of bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment.

Cystic Fibrosis

Genetic disorder affecting respiratory and digestive systems.

Interferon

Protein used in treatment of viral infections.

Insulin

Hormone regulating blood sugar levels.

Human Growth Hormone

Hormone stimulating growth and cell reproduction.

CRISPR

Tool for precise genome editing.

Hepatitis Vaccine

Vaccine preventing hepatitis infection.

Whooping Cough Vaccine

Vaccine preventing Bordetella pertussis infection.

HIV Neutralization

Blocking HIV infection using engineered proteins.

Zombie Gene

Gene that protects against cancer in elephants.