Chapter 6 lower limbs

phalanges

the most distal bones of the foot

common trauma site

tuberosity of the 5th metatarsal

sesamoid bones

most commonly found on the palmar surface near the metacarpophalangeal joints or interphalangeal joint of the thumb

patella

the largest sesamoid bone in the body

talus

astragalus

calcaneus

os calcis

the largest and strongest bone of the foot

calcaneal sulus

the deep depression between the posterior and middle articular facets

talus

the second largest tarsal bone

navicular

a flattened, oval bone located on the medial side of the foot between the talus and the three cuneiforms

cuboid

calcaneus articulates anteriorly with the

talus

calcaneus articulates superiorly with the

tibia and fibula

talus articulates superiorly with the

calcaneus

talus articulates inferiorly with the

nacivular

talus articulates anteriorly with the

talus

the navicular articulates posteriorly with the

cuboid

the navicular articulates laterally with the

three cuneiforms

the navicular articulates anteriorly with the

navicular

the medial cuneiform articulates proximally with the

first and second metatarsal

the medial cuneiform articulates distally with the

intermediate cuneiform

the medial cuneiform articulates laterally with the

navicular

the intermediate cuneiform articulates proximally with the

second metatarsal

the intermediate cuneiforms articulates distally with the

medial and lateral cuneiforms

the intermediate cuneiforms articulate on their side with the

navicular

the lateral cuneiforms articulate proximally with the

second, third and fourth

the lateral cuneiforms articulate distally with the

cuboid

the lateral cuneiforms articulate laterally with the

calcaneus

the cuboid articulates proximally with the

lateral cuneiform and navicular

the cuboid articulates medially with the

fourth and fifth metatarsals

the cuboid articulates distally with the

longitudinal and transverse arch

provide a strong, shock-absorbing support for the weight of the body

best demonstrated on weight bearing positions

longitudinal arch

the springy arch comprises of a medial and lateral component, with most of the arch located on the medial and mid aspects of the foot

transverse arch

located primarily along the plantar surface of the distal tarsals and the tarsometatarsal joints

primarily made up of the wedge- shaped cuneiforms

ankle joint

formed by the tibia and fibula and the talus

lateral malleolus

distal end of the fibula, extends down alongside the talus

mortise

the inferior portion of the tibia and fibula form this deep socket of a three sided opening

where the superior talus fits into

anterior tubercle

articulates with the superolateral talus

tibial plafond

forms the roof of the ankle mortise joint

articular facets

tibial plateau

articulates with the femur

tibial tuberosity

on the proximal extremity of the tibia is a rough-textured prominence located on the midanterior surface of the tibia just distal to the condyles

true lateral ankle

distal fibula over posterior half of tibia

AP ankle

AP mortise ankle

femur

the longest and strongest bone

saddle joint

the patellofemoral joint is this type of joint

synovial

ALL joints in the lower limb are _______

diarthrodial

All joints mobility type in the lower limb are

fibrous

the distal tibiofibular is the only one classified as a

amphiarthrodial

the distal tibiofibular is the only one with this mobility type

15 degrees

AP axial toes the CR angulation of

AP toes

perpendicular to the central ray

sesamoid bones

the tangential lewis and holly method are used to view the ______ ____

prone

lewis method the the patient is in a ___ position

seated

for the holly method the patient is _____ for the exam

5-15 degrees

for the AP foot the tube is angled

15

for a high arched foot the tube is angled _______ degrees

5-10

for a flat footed person the tube is angled_____ degrees

30- 40

for and AP oblique foot the patient’s foot is medially rotated _____ -____ degrees

lisfranc fracture

for the lateral/AP foot weight- bearing method this fracture is can be seen

osteoarthritis and gouty arthritis

AP/ Oblique toe projection of the toes _____ _____ can be seen

medial lateral displacement

clinical indication for the axial calcaneous

ligament tear or rupture

AP stress projection of the ankle clinical indication

knee joint/ cartilage pathologies

clinical indication of the AP weight bearing bilateral knee projection

support may be needed

_____ ____ ______ for the axial (plantodorsal ) calcaneus

sustentaculum tali is in profile

1st to 5th metatarsals are not visible

evaluation criteria for the axial (plantidorsal) calcaneus

medial malleolus

the CR is 1 inch distal to the _________ _______ at subtalar joint for the lateral calcaneus

evaluation criteria for the lateral calcaneus

-tuberosity in profile

-sinus tarsi open

-calcaneocuboid and talonavicular joints open

AP Ankle evaluation criteria

-normal overlapping of tibiofibular articulation

-anterior tubercle slightly superimposed over the fibula

-talus slightly overlapping distal fibula

-no overlapping of the medial talomallolar articulation

oblique ankle evaluation criteria

distal tibofibular joint is open

lateral ankle evaluation criteria

-tibiotalar joint well visualized

-fibula over the posterior half of the tibia

rosenberg method

the PA weight bearing method for the knees

camp coventry method clinical indications

evidence of bony or cartilaginous pathology, osteochondral defects, or narrowing of joint space