Exam 6 - Multiple Choice (Lect 24-28)

What are the subparts of the peritoneum? For each, state its location and function

Mesentery: encircles the small intestine

• Function: houses them to the dorsal body wall

Greater Omentum: between the greater curve of the stomach and the transverse colon

• Function: fat deposition, lubrication, cushioning, prevents spread of infection

Lesser Omentum: between the liver & lesser curvature of the stomach

• Function: encloses/supports bile duct, hepatic artery, and portal vein

Mesocolon: mesentery of the colon

• Function: supports the transverse colon

What are the types of salivary glands? Where is each located? What is the effect of the sympathetic and parasympathetic division on the salivary glands?

• Parotid gland: in the cheeks

• Submandibular: back of the mandible

• Sublingual: below the tongue

What is the function of the esophagus? Histology?

• Histology: stratified squamous epithelium

• Function: food conduction tube

What type of movements causes food to pass through the digestive system?

• Peristalsis? Churned?

What is the histology of the stomach lining?

Simple Columnar epithelium

What are the sphincters associated with the stomach? What is the location and function of each.

Lower Esophageal Sphincter

• Location: entrance to the stomach

• Function: prevents backflow of acidic stomach contents

Pyloric Sphincter

• Location: exit to duodenum

• Function: controls entry of chyme into the small intestine

What is the function of rugae?

Allows the stomach to expand; increases surface area

What is the function of gastric glands?

• Secrete gastric juice

• Protein digestion & mucus

What is the function of plicae? Villi? Intestinal glands? Goblet cells?

• Plicae: circular increase surface area

• Villi: fingerlike projections from the tunica mucosa

• Intestinal glands: secrete digestive enzymes/hormones

• Goblet Cells: secrete mucus to protect epithelial cells from being digested

What is the major function of the small intestine? Large intestine?

• Large Intestine: Water absorption

• Small Intestine: Digestion & absorption

What is the name of the sphincter entering the large intestine?

Ileocecal valve

What are all of the parts of the large intestine, in order?

• ascending colon→ transverse colon→ descending colon→ sigmoid colon

What is the histology of the large intestine?

Simple Columnar Epithelium

What is the histology of the rectum?

Stratified squamous epithelium

What is the function of the liver?

Bile production for fat digestion

What is the function of the gallbladder?

Bile storage

Where are the kidneys located in the human body?

Retroperitoneal cavity

What are the layers of the kidney?

• Renal Cortex(outerlayer)

• Renal Medulla(inner layer)

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

The nephron

What are the steps in urine formation. Define each step

3 steps;

• Glomerular Filtration: blood enters the glomerulus & fluid diffuses from the glomerulus into the

Glomerular capsule, forms filtrate

• Tubular Secretion: passive return of filtered material in the tubular components back into the 

Peritubular capillaries

• Tubular Reabsorption: active transport of materials from the blood in the peritubular capillaries

Into the tubular components

What is the function of the ureters?

Transport urine from kidney to urinary bladder

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

Urine storage

What is the muscle in the urinary bladder called?

• detrusor muscle?

What is the function of the urethra? State the functional differences between males and

females.

• Urinary excretion

• Females; (~1 ½ long) short&wide, carries urine

• Males; (~8’)long & narrow, carries urine&semen

What is the primary sex organ in males?

testes

What is the function of the epididymis?

Sperm maturation & storage

What is the function of the vas deferens?

• Sperm transport tube from the epididymis to ejaculatory duct

What is the histology of the cremaster muscle? Its function?

• Histology: skeletal muscle tissue

• Function: produce reflexive movement to external temperature changes

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

Produce sperm

What is the function of the interstitial cells?

Produce testosterone

What is the function of the seminal vesicles?

Produce 60% of seminal fluid

What is the function of the prostate gland?

Enhance sperm motility

What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

• Help neutralize the urethra

What is the histology of the dartos muscle? Its function?

• Histology: Subcutaneous smooth muscle tissue

• Function: contracts to retain heat,

What is the primary sex organ is females?

ovaries

What is a primary follicle? What is the function of the follicle cells?

• Spheres containing one potential ovum. Surrounded by follicle cells

• Function: produce/release estrogen

What is the function of the Graafian follicle?

Contains the mature ovum(egg)

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

Produces estrogen & progesterone

What is the function of the oviducts? Histology? What type of movement is responsible for moving the egg through the oviduct?

• Function: receive ova & provide site for fertilization

• Histology: Smooth Muscle Tissue

• Peristalsis moves the egg

What is a vasectomy? Tubal ligation?

• Vasectomy: cutting & sealing off the vas deferens, prevents sperm from reaching seminal fluid

• Tubal ligation: cutting & sealing the oviduct, prevents sperm from reaching the egg

What is acquired immunodeficiency syndrome? What causes it? How is it contracted? Can it be cured?

• Caused by HIV

• Sexual intercoarse 

• Transmitted; sexual contact(vaginal/anal intercourse), oral/genital contact, drug use, birthing process, breast feeding

What is herpes? What causes it? How can it be contracted? Can it be cured?

• STI

• Type 1 herpes; cold sores & blisters(caused by oral)

• Type 2 herpes: genital herpes

• Sexual intercoarse

What is human papillomavirus? What causes it? How can it be contracted? Can it be cured?

• HPV

• STI

• Causes genital warts

• No cure but there is treatment, vaccine is available to those who are not infected 

• Sexual intercoarse

What is Chlamydia? What causes it? How can it be contracted? Can it be cured?

• Caused by bacterium chlamydia trachomitis

• STI

• Cure: treatment with antibiotics

• Sexual intercoarse

What is Gonorrhea? What causes it? How can it be contracted? Can it be cured?

• Caused by bacterium neisseria gonorrhoeae

• STI

• Oral sex, contact directly/indirectly with sexual organs

• Cure: treatment by antibiotic therapy

What is syphilis? What causes it? How can it be contracted? Can it be cured?

• Caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum

• STI

• treatment is penicillin

• Sexual intercoarse

What do the endocrine and nervous system use to achieve homeostasis?

• Endocrine system- hormones

• Nervous system- neurotransmitters

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

• Secretes regulatory hormones that control the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary

• Controls sympathetic output to the adrenal medulla

What hormones are produced by the hypothalamus?

• Oxytocin

• Antidiuretic

What gland two glands does the hypothalamus influence? How is this achieved?

• anterior pituitary

• Posterior pituitary

What are the parts of the pituitary gland? What is each part composed of?

• Adenohypophysis(anterior): composed of glandular epithelium

• Neurohypophysis(posterior): composed of neuroendocrine cells

What is the function of oxytocin? Where does it work in the human body?

• Smooth muscle stimulant

• Affects; uterus during labor, ducts of the breast to eject milk, prostate glands to release seminal fluid

What is the function of antidiuretic hormone? What effect does it have on the blood vessels?

• ADH

• Causes increased water reabsorption in the nephrons

• Causes systemic blood vessels constriction→ increase blood pressure

What is the function of growth hormone?

• Stimulates skeletal & muscular development

• Raises blood sugar levels

What is the function of prolactin?

• Initiates & maintains milk production

What effect does follicle stimulating hormone have on the male and female reproductive system?

• Develops follicle cells in the ovaries → ova

• Development within the seminiferous tubules → sperm

What effect does luteinizing hormone have on the male and female reproductive system?

• Stimulates ovaries → production/release of progesterone & estrogen

• Stimulates testes → production/release of testosterone

What are the types of follicles in the thyroid gland? What does each produce?

• Follicle cells: produce thyroxine

• Parafollicle cells: produce calcitonin

What are the types of thyroid dysfunctions? What is the result of each?

• Hyperfunction→ elevated metabolism

• Hypofunction→ lowered metabolism

What type of cells are the parathyroid glands composed of?What is their function?

Chief cells: increases blood calcium

What are the types of parathyroid dysfunctions? What is the result of each?

• Hyperfunction→ increases blood calcium

• Hypofunction→ decreases blood calcium

What hormones are synthesized by the adrenal medulla?Are they excitatory or inhibitory? What is their function in the human body?

• Epinephrine; excitatory

• Norepinephrine; excitatory

• Both maintain HR, BP, & blood sugar levels

What are the dysfunctions of the adrenal medulla? What is the result of each?

• Hypersecretion → hypertension, increased HR, & hyperglycemia

• Hyposecretion → usually asymptomatic; body may have difficulty regulating BP & responding to stress

What are the hormones synthesized/secreted by the adrenal cortex? What is the function of each?

• Aldosterone→ increase NA & water retention by the kidney

• Cortisol→ promotes glucose production from protein, anti-inflammatory action

• Testosterone→ helps maintain gonads/libido, increases muscle mass in females

What are the dysfunctions of the adrenal cortex? What is the result of each?

• Hypersecretion → fluid retention, weight gain, & poor infection fighting response

• Hyposecretion→ fluid & mineral depletion; hypoglycemia

What are the beta cell dysfunctions of the pancreas? What is the result of each?

Hypersecretion → hypoglycemia

Hyposecretion→ diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, coma, & even death

What hormone is released by the pineal gland? What is the function of this hormone?

• Melatonin; helps regulate circadian rhythms(sleep/wake cycles)

What are the dysfunctions of the pineal gland? What is the result of each?

• Hyperfunction→ delayed puberty

• Hypofunction→ premature puberty

What do the follicle cells of the ovaries release?

estrogen

What does the corpus luteum of the ovaries release?

Estrogen & progesterone

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules in the testes?

Produce sperm

What is the function of the interstitial cells of the testes?

Produce testosterone