IPHY 2400 - Chapter 8: Orthopedics and the Muscular system

atrophy

loss of bulk in one or more muscles

avulsion

condition where muscle tears away from a tendon or vice-versa

compartment syndrome

severe injury leads to bleeding in the fascia and acts as a compartment, holding in accumulated blood leading to pressure on surrounding tissues.

contracture

condition where muscles become progressively more flexed until they are immobile.

fibromyalgia

pain at trigger points in the muscles of the neck, hips, and back

hyperextension-hyperflexion injury

person’s head snaps backward and forward from a speed related injury

muscle contusion

bleeding inside of muscle (bruise)

muscle spasms

painful, temporary, involuntary contractions

torticollis

muscle spasm in neck

muscle strain

overstretch/tear of muscle/tendon. “pulled muscle”

muscular dystrophy (MD)

muscle diseases caused by mutation in gene for dystrophin

myalgia

pain in muscle

myasthenia gravis

autoimmune disorder where body produces antibodies against acetycholine receptors on muscle fibers

myopathy

muscle disease

myositis

inflammation of muscle with localized edema

polymyositis

widespread inflammation with weakness and fatigue

repetitive strain injury (RSI)

injury to mucles, tendons, and/or nerves from repetitive movements and time

rhabdomyoma

benign muscle tumor

rhabdomyosarcoma

cancerous muscle tumor

rotator cuff tear

tear in rotater muscles that surround the humerus

acetylcholine receptor antibody test

blood test to Dx myasthenia gravis

edrophonium test

patients given edrophonium to confirm myasthenia diagnosis. drug increases acetylcholine levels, which will increase strength temporarily for patients with myasthenia gravis

electromyography (EMG)

needle electrode inserted in muscle to measure electrical activity

adaptive/assistive device

device increases mobility and helps patients perform activities of daily living (ADLs)

deep tendon reflexes (DTR)

tests muscular-nervous pathway is functioning (knee-jerk rxn)

ataxia

incoordination of muscles during movement, especially walking

bradykinesia

abnormally slow muscle movements or a decrease in the number of spontaneous movements

dyskinesia

abnormal motions due to difficulty controlling voluntary muscles. includes tics, spasms, jerking, and slow writhing of hands.

hyperkinesis

abnormally high amount of muscle movements

restless leg syndrome (RLS)

restlessness and twitching of leg muscles with tingling, aching, or crawling-insect sensations at night

tremor

small, involuntary, back/forth movements of the hands, head, jaw, or extremities that are continous

bursitis

inflammation of the bursal sac due to repetitive muscle contractions or pressure on the bone underneath bursa

dupuytren contracture

thickening and shortening of the fascia in the palm causing contracture and flexion deformity of fingers

epicondylitis

inflammation of muscles and tendons that originate on the bone protrusion of the distal humerus

fascitis

inflammation of the fascia around a muscle, frequently affects bottom of feet

ganglion

semisolid or fluid-containing cyst on a tendon

shin splints

pain and inflammation of tendons and flexor muscles on shin bone due to overuse

tendinitis

inflammation of tendons

RICE Tx

treat minor injury/edema. rest, ice, compression, elevate

trigger point injections

Tx for fibromyalgia, local anaesthetic and corticosteroid injected in trigger points

analgesics

Tx for muscle pain

beta-blockers

relieve tremors by blocking epinephrine

dopamine stimulants

Tx for restless leg syndrome

fasciectomy

partial or total removal of fascia, Tx for Dupuyten contracture

fasciotomy

cut fascia to release preseure. Tx for compartment syndrome

ganglionectomy

remove a ganglion from a tendon

myorrhaphy

suture torn muscle

tenorrhaphy

suture torn tendon