PY 233 Ch 4 STUDY GUIDE

obstetrics

natural childbirth

How did the Catholic faith in the 15th century view midwives?

What was true about hand washing prior to the 20th century, and what effects did it have?

What was “Twilight Sleep” and during what time period was it commonly used in the United States?

What methods are used in natural childbirth? Are there differences in neonatal health outcomes between natural childbirths within a health facility and more medical methods such as using an epidural?

In what cases are home births definitely not recommended?

In traditional cultures, who is most likely to assist with births (be a midwife)?

What is the current rate of using a midwife in the U.S.? Is there certification now for midwifery in the U.S.?

What rituals are used to dispose of the placenta in developing countries? Psychologically, what reason does the textbook give for why people engage in these rituals?

Apgar Scale

measures an infants condition 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth.

NBAS

Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale

LBW

Low Birth Weight

small-for-date

an infant born small for gestational age and are at the high rick of death. The reason is often prenatal care

preterm

babies born at 37 weeks gestation or less

kangaroo care

involves skin to skin contact between parents and neonate. It has shown to help LBW and preterm infants

Explain how and why the Apgar Scale is used (you don’t have to know all 5 areas assessed). What is considered a good to excellent score? What score signals life-threatening danger?

A score of 0-3 indicates the infants is in critical condition and need intensive car; a score of 7-10 indicates the infants doing just fine.

The score is based on five categories:

A: ppearance (skin color)

P: ulse (heart rate)

G: rimace (reflexes)

A: ctivity (muscle tone)

R: espiration (breathing effort)

Each category receives a score from 0 to 2, resulting in a total score out of 10.

What is the purpose of the NBAS? What 3 ratings can a neonate receive?

the purpose is to assess neurological development. It can be given within a few months of birth.

Deep Sleep: Characterized by very little movement and irregular breathing.

Light Sleep: Still in a sleep state with more movement than deep sleep.

Drowsy: A transitional state between sleep and alert wakefulness.

What is the leading cause of LBW in developing countries? in developed countries?

The leading cause in developing is poverty, malnourished mothers, poor prenatal care and cigarettes, alcohol, and drugs in developed

What is the average weight of a neonate? What weight is considered LBW (low birth weight)?

What are some possible causes of LBW?

higher stress levels, poor prenatal care, multiple births. ( rates are highest in U.S among African American.)

What are some possible consequences of LBW?

immature physical systems and death

What type of sleep constitutes a high proportion of neonates’ sleep? 

REM because it is important for brain development and learning

How many reflexes are present at birth? Do all remain throughout life?

there are 27 identified reflexes at birth, some of them will fade within the first year, the others will remain throughout life

Why is it important to assess an neonates reflexes (what do they indicate about the neonate)? (Note: you don’t have to know the different reflexes in the textbook such as Moro or stepping or rooting).

reflexes indicate healthy neurological development

Do neonates feel pain? What can be done to help them with pain relief?

yes they can feel pain. a local anesthetic or sugar water can help

How well developed is hearing at birth? What do neonates like to hear?

hearing is well developed at birth. neonates prefer their mothers voice and language

What do neonates prefer to look at— human faces or random patterns? Is the visual acuity of a neonate better, the same, or worse than the average adult?

Neonates prefer to look at faces rather than random patterns. Visual acuity becomes 20/20 by one of age

What factors predict breast feeding (i.e., what makes it more likely a woman will do it)? What % of U.S. infants are breast fed by 6 months old?

Hispanic ,married, educated and older woman are more than likely to breastfeed

Why is breast feeding so crucial for infants in developing countries?

because it can be life saving for infants in developing countries where clean water might be hard to find

What are some benefits of breast feeding?

colostrum (antibodies)

fewer gastrointestinal issues

higher IQs

What are some obstacles to breast feeding in developing and developed countries?

swaddling

colic

imprinting

instant and enduring bond to the firdt moving object seen after birth; common

bonding

postpartum depression

intense sadness and anxiety that interferes with daily tasks

What has research found about infants who are held or carried around a majority of the day, such as in South Korea?

the infants cry and has episodes for a shorter amount of time because they are carried around more and their cries are responded to immediately

What causes colic? 4a. Do common soothing techniques work for colic? 4b. Are there long term consequences of colic?

the causes are unknown and common soothing techniques do not work but most infants outgrow it by 3 months with no long term effects.

Do human neonates imprint?

Is bonding between infant and mother (immediate) critical for their relationship?

no

Is postpartum depression more common in developed or developing countries?

is more common in developing countries

What are risk factors for postpartum depression?

poverty and genetic vulnerability

Can fathers suffer postpartum depression?

fathers as well as mother can suffer from post- partum depression