Block 3 WCEMT

Common s/s of an allergic reaction EXCEPT what

Broncho-constriction, vasodilation, Hives (urticaria), itching, angioedema (swelling), bronchospasm/wheezing, stridor, tachycardia, and hypotension. Hypertension, bradycardia, and chest pain are NOT signs.

Central nervous system is composed of what?

Brain Stem and Spinal Cord

Hypoglycemia vs hyperglycemia

Hypoglycemia: Low BGL, Rapid Onset, altered mental status, pale, cool, clammy skin, tachycardia
Hyperglycemia: High BGL, slow onset, warm, dry, flushed skin, kussmaul respirations, polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.

Mental effects of seizures

labored breathing, altered mental status, or hemiparesis (weakness on one side of body).

S&S of septic shock after a hip replacement

Hypotension, vasodilation, altered mental status, warm/flushed skin early on then pale/cool/clammy later, tachycardia, tachypnea, delayed cap refill.

Causes of febrile seizures

Rapid spikes in body temperatures (fevers), common in pediatric patients. Caused bby underlying viral/bacterial infection.

Infant Cap Refill?

Less than or equal to 2 seconds

Treatment of febrile seizure

Ensure ABC’s, high O2, cool child by removing excessive clothing, wipe with lukewarm water, and transport quickly.

According to textbook “transporting a stabilized stroke patient”

Transport in semi fowler position if conscious, recovery position if unconscious

Organs that filters blood

Spleen (old blood cells), kidney (balance electrolytes), liver (processes nutrients and toxins)

What organ regulates blood pressure

Kidneys

What is the first action against exposure to bodily fluids

Put on PPE before contact, if exposed wash affected area with soap and water and report.

Parietal peritoneum

Lines the walls of abdominal cavity

Visceral peritoneum

Covers the organs themselves

Characteristics of a peptic ulcer

Protective layer is eroded and allows acid to eat into organ over time, caused by Helicobacter ployri bacteria or use of NSAIDS and affects older people more.

What is chronic renal failure

Progressive, irreversible loss of kidney function. Kidneys lose ability to filter waste products, balance electrolytes and control blood pressure.

Blood loss causes what to body

Hypovolemia, reducing tissue perfusion causing hypovolemic shock causing vasoconstriction and tachycardia to maintain blood pressure.

S&S aortic aneurysm

Severe ripping pain in lower back or abdomen, pulsating abdominal mass, hypotension, tachycardia.

What causes kussmaul respirations

Diabetic Ketoacidosis, deep rapid breathing to eliminate acid from blood due to burning fat from lack of insulin

S&S hyperglycemia

High blood glucose, gradual onset, warm, dry, flushed skin, kussmau lrespirations, fruity breath, altered mental status, and 3 Ps

Why might someone experience polyuria?

Excessive blood glucose levels causing glucose to go into urine pulling large amounts of water with it.

What to do with aggressive patient who has a bat?

Ensure scene safety, reatreat and request law enforcement to disarm patient.

What is most important determination during SAMPLE for diabetic?

Last oral intake to determine when they last ate or drank and last insulin dose.

S&S anaphylactic shock clinical.

Vasodilation, bronchoconstriction, hypotension, tachycardia, hives, and stridor/wheezing.

Delayed onset of allergic reaction

Allergic response occurring later could occur from contact, and common anaphylaxis symptoms develop gradually not immediately.

S&S ruptures cerebral artery

Subarachnoid hemorhage or hemorrhagic stroke, severe headache, loss of consciousness, altered mental status, facial droop.

S&S occluded cerebral artery

Ischemic stroke from blood clotting, and unilateral weakness, paralysis, facial droop, arm drift, or vision loss.

ABCs baseline vitals order of operations

Primary assessment, treat immediate life threats, manage ABC’s and then secondary assessment by obtaining full set of vitals.

Definitive treatment of a patient with blood sugar of 300mg/dL

Insulin therapy, maintain ABC’s, and rapid transport.

Physiological reaction of epinephrine

vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, tachycardia, and increases BP

Apgar score MAX 10

Appearance is pink, Pulse is >100bpm, newborn cries and responds to stimuli, resists attempts to straighten knees, and rapid respirations.

Behavioral crisis vs psychiatric emergency

Behavioral crisis A reaction to an event or situation that interferes with activities of daily living.

Psychiatric emergency: Abnormal behavior threatens social or physical disruption or poses threat to life of patient or others.

S&S for diabetic emergency no glucose reading

Treat as hypoglycemia until proven otherwise, look for rapid onset of altered mental status, confusion or pale/cool/clammy skin, tachycardia, administer oral glucose if patient can maintain airway.

What to do during refractory allergic reaction

Administer repeat dose of epinephrine after 5-15 minutes if symptoms persist or worsen, maintain high flow oxygen, rapid transport.

Side effects of epinephrine

Vasoconstriction, bronchodilation, raises blood pressure, anxiety, nasua, diaphoretic, and cardiac dysrthymias.

How to communicate with an elderly patient

Maintain eye level and direct eye contact, speak clearly, slowly, normal tone, and give time to respond.

Decreased LOC in an elderly patient

Treat as emergency, could be diabetic emergency, stroke, infection, hypothermia, or head trauma

Know what a functional behavioral disorder is

Psychological disorder impairing behavioral function, but organ or structure is normal.

What is performed after delivery of an infant

Clear airway, dry warm stimuli, clamp and cut umbilical cord, assess APGAR score, put baby on mother.

Functional disorder

Condition like Schizophrenia or depression impairing how one thinks or acts with no damage to brain or organ.

Dysfunctional disorder

Condition like hypoxia or hypoglycemia causing impairment of brain function due to structural damage.

Bizarre behavior

Unprovoked or abnormal behavior that deviates from norms and cannot be explained by cultural explanations.

Pregnant 39F amniotic sac rupture 2 hours prior, what is standard procedure

Assess crowning and check pernieum for prolapsed umbilical cord, place sterile pad over vaginal opening, provide high flow oxygen and transport.

What is viral infection upper airway obstruction in a child called?

Croup, inflammation and edema of larynx and trachea.

EMT primary responsibility during a poisoning

PPE, BSI, Scene Safety. Maintain ABC’s. Identify toxic substance, contact poison control or medical direction. Provide rapid transport.

What does pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) NOT affect

PID does not affect organs outside upper female reproductive tract like in the urinary or GI tract. It affects uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes.

No clinical presentation of PID

Asymptomatic presentation, many cases of PID cause no signs at all but causes progressive scarring and damage to reproductive organs.

What is bacterial vaginosis

Imbalance or overgrowth of vaginal bacteria, Lactobacillus species. Thin grey or white vaginal discharge.

Patient weight in regards to toxic ingestion

Directly determines concentration/dose of toxin relative to body mass identifying severity of toxcity.

What should an EMT assume with vaginal bleeding

Assume life threatening emergency, and treat for shock

What is abruptio placenta

Premature seperation of placenta and uterine wall before delivery, severe abdominal pain, and dark vaginal bleeding.

What is placenta previa

Condition where placenta develops over or covers opening, painless, bright red vaginal bleeding.

Apgar score

Evaluation tool post delivery checking for appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respirations.

Umbilical protrusion from vagina

Prolapsed umbilical cord where umbilical cord slips out of vagina before fetus keep cord warm/moist.

How soon for a newborn to begin spontaneous breathing

Within 15-30 seconds after birth.

Infant demise following delivery of?

Abruptio placenta causing fetus to not receive oxygen or nutrients, or prolonged cord prolapse causing hypoxia.

When should the interior/anterior fontanelle fuse

Between 12-18 months of age.

What age does seperation anxiety PEAK for small children?

10-18 months

Decline of cardiac function most relates to what?

Atherosclerosis, plaque buildup in arteries and decreased stroke volume.

Infant can or cant keep alveoli open during respiratory distress?

Infants cannot keep alveoli open making them prone to alveolar collapse.