2nd 9 Weeks Vocabualry Significance

Protestant Reforamation

marked a break with existing Christian traditions, and Christians started to point out the unjust ways of the Bible

Tax Farming

In the Ottoman Empire, this was a system where the state auctioned taxation rights to the highest bidder, who collected state taxes, paid the state in fixed installments and retained part of the revenue for personal use.

Patron

The Dutch government acted like a patron for the VOC providing financial support, military protection, and no competition.

Trading Post Empire

The Portuguese were not interested in establishing themselves as an empire with a lot of land or a large population. Instead, they wanted to create a trading-post empire and dominate trade in the Indian Ocean.

Devshirme

Being part of this system was considered an honor because it brought status and economic gain.

Janissaries

important component to the political force of Ottoman, and they were always prepared to fight. 

Sikhism

developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam

Sponsorship

The Dutch East India Company’s success can be attributed to the Netherland government’s sponsorship and funding

Asante

The Dutch East India Company’s success can be attributed to the Netherland government’s sponsorship and funding.

Mit’a System

mandatory and made tasks ad labor more efficient due to increased productivity. 

Encomienda System

unfair because it forced labor upon the indigenous population and tried to define the status of their population. 

Hacienda System

Throughout the Spanish colonies, native people had to work under oppressive conditions, influencing class structures and contributing to ongoing social and economic inequality in the region

Joint Stock Company

used by rulers and merchants to finance exploration and were used by rulers to compete against one another in global trade

Casta System

Tribute Collection

In the Portuguese colonies, this collection required local populations to provide goods, labor, or payments to the colonial authorities, supporting the empire’s economic and administrative needs overseas.

Cash Crops

American foods became staple crops in various parts of Europe, Asia, and Africa. crops were grown primarily and exported mostly to Europe and the Middle East.

Mercantilism

policies and practices were used by European rulers to expand and control their economies and claim overseas territories. 

Resistance

Enslaved persons challenged existing authorities in the Americas through organized resistance.

Dispute

The Shia Safavid and Sunni Mughal Empires had disputes over whether the successor should be decided over bloodline or not.

Monumental

Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art, and monumental architecture to legitimize their rule.

Syncretic

The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres had a significant cultural impact on the world and there was a development of syncretic belief systems and practices

Indigenous

European colonization of the Americas led to the unintentional transfer of disease, and some of these diseases substantially reduced the indigenous populations, with catastrophic effects in many areas.

Monopoly

The Dutch East India Company was able to monopolize the trade in pepper, nutmeg, and cinnamon.

Elites

Janissaries were members of an elite corps in the standing army of the Ottoman Empire due to their culture, strict discipline, loyalty and order

Mortality

Diseases like smallpox, measles, and influenza traveled from the Old World to the New World through the Columbian Exchange lead to an increase in mortality rates in the New World.

Secular

In the Ottoman Empire, a secular practice was the devshirme system, where Christian boys were taken to serve in government or the military, focusing on state interests rather than religion.

Chattel Slavery

The Portuguese and Spanish introduced new labor systems, one of them being chattel slavery on indigenous people.

Heretical

Martin Luther’s 95 Theses was heretical to the Catholic Churches sayings and beliefs, challenging them and causing an uprising of protest.

Cultivation

crops like maize, potatoes, and tomatoes from the New World were newly introduced to the Old World during the Columbian Exchange, significantly changing diets and boosting population growth in Europe, Africa, and Asia.

Substantial

population growth occurred due to the Columbian Exchange, as the introduction of nutrient-rich crops like potatoes and maize and improved diets. 

Predecessors

The Russian Empire built upon their Mongol predecessors and used similar strategies such as utilizing a bureaucratic government and then census system.

Colonialism

Portuguese colonialism involved aggressive efforts to convert local populations to Christianity to establish both religious and political dominance in SW Asia.

Endemic

Diseases like smallpox, measles, and influenza traveled from the Old World to the New World through the Columbian Exchange leading to devastating epidemics that caused substantial population declines among Indigenous peoples in the Americas.