XRAY Tube, Discovery and protection, and Essential concepts RAD 130

energy or matter

All things in the universe exist as one of what two things?

anything that occupies space and has mass

What is matter?

how much matter there is

What is mass?

Kg

What is the basic unit (SI) for mass?

ability to do work

What is energy?

joules and electron volts

What units are used for energy?

Electromagnetic, thermal, kinetic, potential, nuclear, electrical

What are the types of energy?

photons

xrays travel in bundles of energy called

radiation

Energy emitted through space is referred to as

exposed or irradiated

When an object is exposed by radiation, we call that

ionizing radiation is high enough to knock an electron out of it's orbit

What is the difference between radiation and ionizing radiation?

the ability to ionize

What makes one form of electromagnetic energy harmful vs another form?

an electron has been knocked out of it's orbit

When an atom has become ionized, what happens?

ion pair

When an electron has been knocked out of orbit (ionized), the atom and ionized electron are referred to as what?

natural/environmental and manmade

What are the 2 main sources of ionizing radiation?

-cosmic

-terrestrial

-internal deposited radionuclides

-radon

What are the 4 natural sources of ionizing radiation?

diagnostic - xray

Which type of man-made radiation is considered to be the largest source?

energy of position; stored energy

What is potential energy?

energy of motion

What is kinetic energy?

energy from electron moving through a potential difference (voltage)

What is electrical energy?

energy of motion of molecules

What is thermal energy?

energy contain in the nucleus

What is nuclear energy?

energy from electromagnetic spectrum, travel in waves known as photons

What is electromagnetic energy?

electromagnetic

What energy type is an xray?

energy

radiation is the transfer of

negative ion

When an electron is ionized and knocked out of orbit, it becomes a

positive ion

When an atom is ionized and loses an electron, it becomes a

radon

What is the largest source or terrestrial radiation?

radioactive gas produced by radioactive decay of uranium in the earth

What is radon?

Diagnostic Xray

nuclear power

research applications

industrial sources

What are the 4 types of manmade radiation?

electromagnetic

Xrays are a form of ____ radiation

neutral

Xrays are electrically negative, neutral, or positive?

False

True/False: Xrays are affected by electric or magnetic fields.

energies and wavelengths.

Xrays can be produced over a wide variety of ____ and ____.

very small

Xrays release small or large amount of heat upon passing through matter?

straight

Xrays travel in ____ lines

3x10^8 m/s

Xrays travel at the speed of light, which is _____, in a vacuum.

False, it is always the same speed.

True/False: increased energy will increase the speed in which an xray travels.

ionize

Xrays can _____ matter

fluorescence

Xrays can cause ____ of certain crystals.

cannot

Xrays can or cannot be focused by a lense?

photographic

Xrays affect _____ film

ionization and excitation

Xrays produce chemical and biological changes in matter through

secondary and scatter

xrays produce ___ and ____ radiation

the patient

Scatter radiation comes from ____

Radiography

Flouroscopy

Computed Tomography

What are the three general types of xray exams?

static / still picture

Radiography images are____

dynamic / motion /video

Flouroscopy images are ____

3D

Computed Tomography images are _____

Wilhelm Roentgen, November 8 1895

Radiography (xray) was discovered by who, and what date?

Thomas Edison, 1898

Flouroscopy was developed by who and when?

Godfrey Hounsfield, 1972

CT was invented by who and when?

Clarence Daly, 1904

Who was the first Xray fatality in the US and when did he die?

Erythema - skin damage

What is the first sign of radiation effect?

-Erythema - skin damage

-Alopecia - hair loss

-Anemia - low red blood cell count

-Leukemia

What are effects of radiation?

Anemia - low red blood cell count

When radiation is getting deeper due to longer exposure, it can cause ____

Leukemia

Which effect of radiation can occur years after exposure to unsafe amount of radiation?

National Council on Radiation and Measurements (NCRP) 1987

Who set acceptable Dose Limits for radiation, and when did this take place?

As Low As Reasonably Acheivable

What is ALARA?

Time - short

Distance - Long (at least 6 ft from patient)

Shield - often

What are the 3 cardinal principals of radiation protection?

-Limit repeat imaging

-collimate

-shield

-appropriate positioning and centering

-appropriate technical factors

What can we do to limit the exposure patient receives?

-understand and apply cardinal principles (time, distance, shield)

-Don't allow familiarity to result in false security

-Never stand in primary beam

-always wear protective apparel when not behind protective barrier

-always wear dosimeter outside of shields

-never hold patient during exam. Use mechanical device, or patient's family if possible.

- person holding patient must wear apron and gloves

-use gonadal shield if childbearing age or younger, if possible

- avoid pelvic and abdominal exam on pregnant patients

-collimate to smallest field appropriate

What are the ten commandments of radiation protection?

-Xray travels in straight lines

-xrays always travel at the speed of light

-xrays can effect photographic film

-xrays produce a small amount of heat

-xrays are electromagnetic radiation

-xrays can not be focused with a lens

- xrays can ionize

What are Roentgen's Original Properties of Xray? (name 3)

Crookes Tube

What is the name of the first Xray tube

Partially evacuated

The Crookes tube has a _______ _______ glass tube.

Coolidge Tube

What is the name of the xray tube that is used today?

Vacuum Sealed

The Coolidge tube has a ____ _____ glass or metal tube.

Ceiling

What type of support system is most widely used?

No cart, no ER

What are the limitations of the floor support system?

C Arm

What type of support system is often used in surgery?

Tube stays centered to IR

What is the benefit of the C arm system?

Emission of xrays - all directions

Isotropic =

vacuum tube

The glass or metal envelope maintains what?

It becomes "gassy", meaning air is in the tube. Electrons his air molecules

What happens if vacuum seal is broken?

Anode and Cathode

What are the 2 electrodes called?

filaments and focusing cup

The main components of the cathode are the

negative

The cathode is the ____ side of the tube

Thermionic, boiling off electrons

The cathode uses ______ emission. What does this cause?

positive

The Anode is the ____ side of the tube

Where the electrons strike and produce xrays

The anode includes the target, which is what?

Kvp - kilvolts

Voltage is measured in

mA - milliAmperes

Current is measured in

50-150 kv

The normal range of kilovolts is

50-1000 mA

The normal range of milliamperes is

mA x time (seconds)

mAs =

99% heat, 1% xray

When an e- hits the target, 99% of energy created is _____ and 1% is ____

The coolidge tube is fully vacuum sealed, whereas the crookes is partially evacuated.

What is the difference between a Crookes and Coolidge xray tube?

-ceiling

-floor to ceiling

-floor

-c arm

What are the 4 common support systems for xray tubes?

Lead (Pb), because lead stops xrays from going through and this protects from unnecessary exposure

What material is the protective housing made of? Why?

useful beam

What is the xray beam called that exits the window?

leakage radiation

What is the xray beam called that exits another area of the tube other than the window?

Glass or metal envelope

Which component maintains the vacuum?

thermionic emission

What is the process of boiling off electrons on the cathode side of the tube called?

target

What is the area on the anode called that useful e- strike?

anode

What is 7?

target

What is 8?

glass or metal envelope

What is 3?

cathode

1&2 make up the negative side of the tube, which is the ___

filament

What is 1?