1A: The Cardiovascular System

Cardio

A term that pertains to the heart.

Vascular

A term that pertains to blood vessels that carry our blood.

Arteries, Veins, & Capillaries

The 3 types of blood vessels.

Arteries

A type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

Veins

A type of blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart.

Capillaries

The smallest type of blood vessel, found at the end parts of our body and connects arteries and veins.

Pulmonary & Systemic

The 2 types of circulation.

Pulmonary Circulation

The type of circulation that travels from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart.

Systemic Circulation

The type of circulation that travels from the heart to the rest of the body and back to the heart.

Heart → Lungs → Heart

The flow of blood in pulmonary circulation.

Heart → Rest of the Body → Heart

The flow of blood in systemic circulation.

Closed Circulatory Network

The term that refers to the kind of network that the heart, blood, & blood vessels make up to deliver various substances.

O2, Nutrients, Hormones, & the removal of metabolic waste

4 things that are delivered throughout the circulatory system.

CO2, Lactate, Urea, & Bilirubin

4 examples of metabolic waste.

Urea

An example of metabolic waste produced due to protein metabolism originating from ammonia.

Bilirubin

An example of metabolic waste produced due to hemoglobin breakdown.

Liver

The organ that converts hemoglobin to bilirubin.

4 months

The timeframe at which bilirubin gets replaced.

Cavities

The term that defines spaces where organs are located.

Ventral & Dorsal Cavities

The 2 broad anatomical classifications of cavities.

Ventral Cavities

The term for cavities located at the front.

Dorsal Cavities

The term for cavities located at the back.

Thoracic & Abdominopelvic Cavities

The 2 general classifications for ventral cavities.

Mediastinum, Pericardial, & Pleural Cavities

The 3 thoracic ventral cavities found in the human body.

Abdominal & Pelvic

The 2 abdominopelvic ventral cavities found in the human body.

Mediastinum

A ventral thoracic cavity that contains 4 other compartments.

Pericardial Cavity

A ventral thoracic cavity that contains the heart and is found beneath the mediastinum.

Pleural Cavities (Left & Right)

A ventral thoracic cavity that contains the left and right lungs each.

Abdominal Cavity

A ventral abdominopelvic cavity that contains visceral organs such as the stomach, liver, & intestines.

Pelvic Cavity

A ventral abdominopelvic cavity that contains the bladder, reproductive organs, & rectum.

Cranial & Spinal Cavities

The 2 general classifications for dorsal cavities.

Superior, Anterior, Posterior, & Middle Mediastinum

The 4 compartments inside the mediastinum.

Superior Mediastinum

The compartment of the mediastinum that contains the thymus, aorta, & pulmonary artery.

Middle Mediastinum

The compartment of the mediastinum that contains the pericardium, heart, bronchioles, & great vessel roots.

Thymus, Aorta, & Pulmonary Artery

3 structures located in the superior mediastinum.

Pericardium, Thymus, Aorta, & Pulmonary Artery

4 structures located in the middle mediastinum.

In the pericardial cavity, inside the compartment mediastinum, within the thoracic cavity

The anatomical position of the heart in terms of cavities.

Edema

The term that describes fluid in the legs due to a failure in the heart pumping.

Pulmonary ventilation, Gas exchange between air & blood, pH regulation, Olfaction, & Phonation

5 functions enabled by the respiratory system.

Ventilation

The term that describes the mechanical movement of air into & out of the lungs through inspiration & expiration.

Pulmonary Ventilation, External Respiration, Internal Respiration, & Cellular Respiration

The 4 major processes of respiration.

Pulmonary Ventilation

The 1st major process of respiration that describes the mechanical movement of air into & out of the lungs.

External Respiration

The 2nd major process of respiration that describes the exchange of O2 & CO2 between the lungs & pulmonary transport.

Internal Respiration

The 3rd major process of respiration that describes the end wherein O2 & CO2 exchange occurs between systemic blood & tissues.

Cellular Respiration

The 4th major process of respiration that describes the cellular use of O2 to produce ATP.

The 1st major process of respiration that describes the mechanical movement of air into & out of the lungs

Pulmonary Ventilation

The 2nd major process of respiration that describes the exchange of O2 & CO2 between the lungs & pulmonary transport.

External Respiration

The 3rd major process of respiration that describes the end wherein O2 & CO2 exchange occurs between systemic blood & tissues.

Internal Respiration

The 4th major process of respiration that describes the cellular use of O2 to produce ATP.

Cellular Respiration

Blood carrying O2 & CO2

The gas transport that occurs during external respiration.

O2 → tissues → body & CO2 → alveoli → lungs

The circulatory respiration that occurs during external respiration.

O2

The final electron acceptor in the mitochondria needed to produce ATP.

Clinical Symptoms

Aspects of a clinical assessment that are subjective and what the patient experiences.

Clinical Signs

Aspects of a clinical assessment that are objective and measured using a device.

Identifying the medical problem, diagnosis, & medical management

The 3 main purposes of a clinical assessment.

Clinical History, Physical Examination, & Relevant Investigation

The 3 main parts of a clinical assessment.

Clinical History

The 1st part of a clinical assessment that involves a medical interview and serves as the subjective part of the assessment.

Physical Examination

The 2nd part of a clinical assessment that involves identifying clinical signs & vital signs and serves as the objective part of the assessment.

Relevant Investigation

The 3rd part of a clinical assessment that involves ranking of diagnoses, includes medical plans, and is also known as the part wherein the differential diagnoses is given.

Chief Complaint, History of Present Illness, Review of Systems (ROS), Past Medical History, Family History, & Personal & Social History

The 6 parts of clinical history in a clinical assessment.

Chief Complaint

The 1st part of clinical history that involves the main reason why a patient is seeking medical care.

History of Present Illness

The 2nd part of clinical history that involves the chronological start of a patient’s current problem or the timeline describing the development of the chief complaint.

Review of Systems (ROS)

The 3rd part of clinical history that involves the rundown of all other systems of the patient to identify symptoms not mentioned & to screen for related conditions to see the bigger picture of the patient’s condition.

Past Medical History

The 4th part of clinical history that involves looking at chronic diseases, current medicines, current diseases, laboratory results, & past illnesses.

Family History

The 5th part of clinical history that involves looking at heritable diseases.

Personal & Social History

The 6th part of clinical history that involves looking at other external and environmental factors that may contribute to the patient’s condition.

The 1st part of a clinical assessment that involves a medical interview and serves as the subjective part of the assessment.

Chief Complaint.

The 2nd part of clinical history that involves the chronological start of a patient’s current problem or the timeline describing the development of the chief complaint.

History of Present Illness.

The 3rd part of clinical history that involves the rundown of all other systems of the patient to identify symptoms not mentioned & to screen for related conditions to see the bigger picture of the patient’s condition.

Review of Systems (ROS).

The 4th part of clinical history that involves looking at chronic diseases, current medicines, current diseases, laboratory results, & past illnesses.

Past Medical History.

The 5th part of clinical history that involves looking at heritable diseases.

Family History.

The 6th part of clinical history that involves looking at other external and environmental factors that may contribute to the patient’s condition.

Personal & Social History.

Site, Onset, Character, Radiation, Associated Symptoms, Timing, Exacerbating & Relieving Factors, & Symptoms

The 8 different factors studied when looking at a patient’s history of present illness.

Diet, Drugs, Exercise Habits, Smoking Habits, Alcohol Intake, Patient’s Occupation, Number of Household Members, Type of Dwelling, Drinking Water Source, Travel History

The 10 different factors studied when looking at a patient’s personal & social history.

General Survey, Head & Neck Exam, Anterior & Posterior Chest Exam, Abdominal Exam, & Extremities Exam

The 5 different exams done during a physical examination.

General Survey

The part of a physical exam that surveys the height, weight, and BMI of a patient.

Head & Neck Exam

The part of a physical exam that surveys the head circumference & chest circumference of a patient.

kg/m²

The formula for calculating BMI.

Ancillary/Diagnostic, Nonpharmacologic & Pharmacologic

The 3 types of medical plans given to a patient.

Ancillary/Diagnostic Plan

A type of medical plan that involves further diagnostic tests, some of which may be able to cover all differential diagnoses.

Nonpharmacologic Plan

A type of medical plan that involves diet and exercise.

Pharmacologic Plan

A type of medical plan that involves medication.