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Double consciousness
The division of an individual’s identity into two or more social realities.
Dramaturgical approach
A view of social interaction, popularized by Erving Goffman, in which people are seen as theatrical performers.
Resocialization
The process of discarding former behavior patterns and accepting new ones as part of a transition in one’s life.
Gender role
Expectations regarding the proper behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
Face-work
Term used by Erving Goffman to refer to the efforts people make to maintain the proper image and avoid public embarrassment.
Personality
A person’s typical pattern of attitudes, needs characteristics, and behaviors.
Which of the following social scientists used the phrase “looking-glass self” to emphasize that the self is product of our social interactions with other people?
Charles Horton Cooley
In what he called the play stage of socialization, George Herbert Mead asserted that people mentally assume the perspectives of others thereby enabling them to respond from that imagined viewpoint. This process is referred to as …
Role-taking.
George Herbert Mead is best known for his theory of what?
The self.
Essentilism
A philosophical viewpoint that emphasizes the inherent characteristics and qualities that define an individual's identity and social roles.
Existentialism
A philosophical movement that emphasizes individual existence, freedom, and choice, asserting that individuals create their own meaning and essence through their actions.
Sigmund Freud
A psychoanalytic theory that describes the three components of the human psyche, where the id represents primal instincts, the ego mediates reality, and the superego embodies moral standards.
Suppose a clerk tries to appear busier than he or she actually is when a supervisor happens to be watching. Erving Goffman would study this behavior from what approach?
Interactionist
According to child psychologist Jean Piaget’s cognitive theory of development, children begin to use words and symbols to distinguish objects and ideas during which stage in the development of the thought process?
The preoperational stage.
On the first day of basic training in the army, a recruit has his civilian clothes replaced by army “greens,” has his hair shaved off, loses his privacy, and finds that he must use a communal bathroom. All these humiliating activities are part of …
A degradation ceremony.
Which social institution is considered to be the most important agent od socialization in the United States, especially for children?
The family.
The term gender role refers to …
Expectations regarding the behavior, attitudes, and activities of males and females.
Which sociological perspective emphasizes that schools in the United States foster competition through built-in systems of rewards and punishment?
The conflict perspective.
A University of Alaska sociologist asked her male and female students to apply fingernail polish to people of the opposite sex. This experiment demonstrated …
Gender roles.
(Blank) is the term used by sociologists in referring to the lifelong process whereby people learn the attitudes, values, and behaviors appropriate for members of a particular culture.
Socialization
In everyday speech, the term (Blank) is used to refer to a person’s typical patterns of attitudes, needs, characteristics, and behavior.
Personality.
Studies of twins raised apart suggest that both (Blank) and (Blank) influence human development.
Heredity and Environment.
A(n) (Blank) is an individual such as a parent, friend, or teacher who is most important in the development of the self.
Significant other.
Early work in (Blank), such as that Sigmund Freud, stressed the role of inborn drives-among them the drive for sexual gratification-in channeling human behavior.
Psychology.
The Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget developed the (Blank) theory of development.
Cognitive.
Preparation for many aspects of adult life begins with (Blank) socialization during childhood and adolescence and continues throughout our lives as we prepare for new responsibilities.
Anticipatory.
Resocialization is particularly effective when it occurs within a(n) (Blank) institution.
Total.
The (Blank) perspective emphasizes the role of school in teaching the values and customs of the large society.
Functionalist.
As children grow older, the family becomes less important in social development, while (Blank) groups become more important.
Peer.
