BY 124L - Protista

What are the characteristics of Clad Excavata?

unicellular, characteristic “excavated” feeding groove on side of cell body, unique flagella, and modified mitochondria

What is a mitosome?

type of mictochondria; very reduced, anaerobic (no ETC, no oxidative phosphorylation, no ATP generation)

What kingdom is a mitosome in?

Kingdom Diplomonadida

What is a hydrogenosome?

type of mitochondria; reduced, anaerobic (no oxidative phosphorylation)

What kingdom are hydrogenosomes present in?

Kingdom Parabasala

What is a mitochondrion with kinetoplast?

type of mitochondria; much larger, aerobic and anaerobic, DNA mass (kinetoplast)

What kingdom are mitochondrions with kinetoplasts present in?

Kingdom Euglenozoa

What are the characteristics of Kingdom Diplomonadida?

mostly parasitic, two equal sized nuclei, multiple flagella, have mitosomes, lack all plastids

What is Giardia intestinalis?

Clade Excavata, Kingdom Diplomonadida; cause of beaver fever

What are the characteristics of Kingdom Parabasala?

mostly parasitic, have hydrogenosomes, lack all plastids

What is Trichomonas vaginalis?

Clade Excavata, Kingdom Parabasala; sexually transmitted, lives in mucous lining of urinary tract

What is included in Kingdom Euglenozoa?

Phylum Kinetoplastida and Phylum Euglenophyta

What are the characteristics of Kingdom Euglenozoa?

flagella contain spiral or crystallin rod-like structure; predatory heterotrophs, photosynthetic autotrophs, mixotrophs, and parasites

What are the characteristics of Phylum Kinetoplastida?

predatory heterotrophs (on prokaryotes) and parasites (on animals, plants, other protists)

What are the characteristics of Phylum Euglenophyta?

mostly photosynthetic autotrophic, some mixotrophic; possess chloroplasts (with chlorophylls a and b); use pellicle to main shape; stores carbs as paramylon

What are the kingdoms in Clade Chromalveolata?

Kingdom Alveolates and Kingdom Stramenopiles

What is included Kingdom Alveolates?

Phylum Dinoflagellata, Phylum Apicomplexa, and Phylum Ciliophora

What is included in Kingdom Stramenopila?

Phylum Bacillariophyta, Phylum Chrysophyta, Phylum Phaeophyta, and Phylum Oomycota

What are the characteristics of Phylum Bacillariophyta (diatoms)?

unicellular, photosynthetic (a and c), glass-like cell wall made of hydrated silica

What is diatomaceous earth?

accumulation of diatoms in sediments; used in toothpaste, water filters, and insulation

Where are Phylum Bacillariophyta mainly found?

abundant in oceans and lakes; photosynthetic activity impacts global CO2 levels

What are the characteristics of Phylum Chrysophyta (golden algae)?

Uni and multi-cellular, photosynthetic (a and c) (some are mixotrophic), stores carbs as laminarin

What is the purpose of cysts in Phylum Crysophyta?

some species can form cysts if environment conditions worsen; cysts can survive for decades

What are the characteristics of phylum Phaeophyta (brown algae and kelps)?

multicellular, photosynthetic (a and c), cell wall made of cellulose, carbs stored as laminarin

Where are Phylum Phaeophyta found?

common in cold water currents

What are the characteristics of Phylum Oomycota (water molds, downy mildews, white rusts)?

uni and multicellular (hyphae), cell wall has cellulose, diploid dominant lifecycle, heterotrophic

What are the characteristics of Kingdom Alveolata?

plasma membrane has membrane-enclosed sacs (alveoli), found in lots of habitats

What are the characteristics of Phylum Dinoflagellata?

unicellular, cellulose cell wall with reinforced plates (two flagella), found in marine and freshwater, can be photosynthetic (phytoplankton, a and c), heterotrophic, or mixotrophic

What is red tide?

dinoflagellates; result of an overabundance of phytoplankton; red is due to brown-red carotenoids

What are the characteristics of Phylum Apicomplexa?

unicellular, endoparasites, has apical complex (penetrates host RBC)

What is Plasmodium?

Clade Chromalveolata, Kingdom Alveolata, Phylum Apicomplexa; cause of malaria

What is Phylum Ciliophora (Ciliates)?

unicellular, cilia for locomotion, ingestive heterotrophs (predators), two types of nuclei, oral groove for ingestion

What are the two types of nuclei in Phylum Ciliophora?

macro governs cell activities and micro used during reproduction (binary fission)

What phylums are included in Clade Rhizaria?

Phylum Cercozoa, Phylum Radiolaria, Phylum Foraminifera

What are the characteristics of Clade Rhizaria?

amoebas and flagellated proteins

What are the characteristics of Phylum Cercozoa?

unicellular, heterotrophic (parasites on plants, animals, protists), ameboid and flagellated protists, thread like pseudopodia

What are characteristics of Phylum Radiolaria?

unicellular, heterotrophic, movement via axopodia (for floating and feeding), internal skeleton comprised of silica

What are the characteristics of Phylum Foraminifera?

unicellular, heterotrophs (symbitoic photosynthetic algae), have “tests”

What are tests?

shells; single piece of organic matter, hardened with calcium carbonate

What does the name of Clade Archaeplastida refer to?

that the lineage is the origin of plastids

What are the kingdoms in Clade Archaeplastida?

Kingdom Rhodophyta, Kingdom Chlorophyta, Kingdom Plantae

What are the characteristics of Kingdom Rhodophyta (red algae)?

mostly multicellular, mostly photosynthetic (a and d), red color from phycoerythrin, store carbs as floridian starch, some contain calcium carbonate walls

What are the characteristics of Kingdom Chlorophyta (green algae)?

uni and multicellular, photosynthetic (a and b), carbs stored as starch, cell wall made of cellulose

What are the three mechanisms that Kingdom Chlorophyta used to evolve?

formation of colonies of individual cells and filamentous forms that make stringy masses (volvox), production of true multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation (ulva), repeated karyokinesis without cytokinesis (caulerpa)

What are the kingdoms included in Clade Unikonta?

Kingdom Amoebozoans, Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Animalia

What are the characteristics of Clade Unikonta?

classified together due to similar myosin protein structures

What phylums are included in Kingdom Amoebozoa?

Phylum Myxogastrida, Phylum Dictyostelida, Phylum Gymnamoeba, Phylum Entamoeba

What are the characteristics of Kingdom Amoebozoa?

lobe or tube shaped pseudopodia

What are the characteristics of Phylum Myxogastrida (Plasmodial Slime Molds)?

grow into a large unicellular mass (plasmodium; diploid, acts as feeding stage), heterotrophic on detritus, convergent evolution to act like fungi

What are the characteristics of Phylum Dictyostelida (Cellular Slime Molds)?

exist as individual haploid cells but aggregate when food is scarce, individual cells are feeding stage, heterotrophic on detritus

What are the characteristics of Phylum Gymnamoeba (Tubulinids)?

unicellular, most are heterotrophic on bacteria, other protists, or detritus, a large and diverse group of amoebozoans

What are the characteristics of Phylum Entamoeba?

unicellular, parasitic, Entamoeba spp.

What is Entamoeba spp.

Clade Unikonta, Kingdom Amoebozoa, Phylum Entamoeba; infects vertebrates and some invertebrates