POST-INDEPENDENCE MODERNISM (1947–1970s)

Progressive Artists’ Group (PAG)

Founded 1947 Bombay | Rejected revivalism | Cubism & Expressionism influence | Modern Indian identity

M.F. Husain

Expressionist Modernism | Bold black outlines | Flat bright colors | Horses and mythological figures | Energetic strokes

S.H. Raza

Abstract Spiritualism | Geometric abstraction | Central bindu | Earth colors | Meditative cosmic space

F.N. Souza

Expressionism | Distorted grotesque faces | Thick black lines | Erotic and violent themes | Raw aggressive energy

K.H. Ara

Modern Still Life | Domestic scenes | Fruits and flowers | Soft colors | Everyday realism

V.S. Gaitonde

Abstract Minimalism | Tonal fields | Subtle textures | Non-figurative | Zen-like silence

Tyeb Mehta

Minimalist Expressionism | Diagonal split canvas | Limited palette | Violence and tension | Strong visual divide