Introduction to Materials Science and Engineering

This set covers the fundamental definitions, hierarchical structures, material properties, and the six major classifications of engineering materials described in the lecture.

Materials Science

The field concerned with the use of fundamental and applied knowledge about the internal structure, properties, and processing of materials.

Materials Engineering

The branch of materials knowledge concerned with using applied knowledge to convert materials into products needed or desired by society.

Materials Science and Engineering (MSE)

The investigation of the relationship among processing, structure, properties, and performance of materials.

Structure

The arrangement of a material's internal components, which depends on how the material was processed.

Subatomic structure

The electronic structure of individual atoms that defines interatomic bonding and interactions among atoms.

Atomic level structure

The organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another, such as the different arrangements of carbon in graphite and diamond.

Microscopic structure

The arrangement of small grains of material or large groups of agglomerated atoms that can be identified by microscopy.

Macroscopic structure

Structural elements of a material that may be viewed with the naked eye.

Properties

The way a material responds to the environment and external forces, categorized into mechanical, electrical, magnetic, thermal, physical, optical, and durability.

Metallic Materials

Materials where valence electrons are detached from atoms and spread in an 'electron sea' that glues ions together; they are strong, ductile, and conduct heat and electricity well.

Polymeric Materials

Lightweight materials based on C and H that are bound by covalent and weak van der Waals forces, typically decomposing at temperatures between $100^{\circ}C$ and $400^{\circ}C$.

Ceramic Materials

Hard, brittle insulators bound by Coulomb forces, usually consisting of combinations of metals or semiconductors with oxygen, nitrogen, or carbon (oxides, nitrides, and carbides).

Composites

Materials consisting of more than one material type, designed to display a combination of the best characteristics of component materials, such as fiberglass.

Semiconductors

Materials with electrical properties intermediate between conductors and insulators that are extremely sensitive to minute concentrations of impurity atoms.

Biomaterials

Materials employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of parts, requiring compatibility with body tissues and no toxic production.

Miniaturization (pengecilan)

One of the future directions of materials science involving the design of materials with specific characteristics at an atomic scale.