Unit 2 Vocab

Basic human needs

all people have the same basic needs for life. Basic needs include food, water, shelter, protection from the environment, and love

Cognitive

the ability to think, reason, make decisions, and have memory

Development

the increase in mental, emotional, and social skills

Dignity

the quality or state of being worthy of esteem or respect; promoting self-esteem and self-worth

Growth

physical changes that occur in the body such as increase in size and strength

Intervention

actions taken to prevent harm or improve functioning

Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs

five levels of human needs. The most basic physiological needs that are required for survival must be met before advancing to secondary needs such as safety, love and belonging, and self-esteem

Self-actualization

the highest level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs that includes reaching your highest potential

Self-esteem

a person’s overall feelings of value and self-worth

Cellulits

bacterial skin infection that appears most commonly on the legs, arms, or face (integumentary system)

Dermatitis

a general term that means inflammation or irritation of the skin (integumentary system)

Eczema

a type of dermatitis that causes dry, itchy, bumpy patches of skin (integumentary system)

Contact dermatitis

a type of dermatitis that causes an itchy, bumpy rash that may have blisters that drain (integumentary system)

Fungal infections

a fungal infection of the skin (integumentary system)

Athlete’s foot

the most common type of fungal infection. Skin becomes red, itchy, flaky, and peels between the toes (integumentary system)

Ringworm

a reddened, circular fungal skin rash that looks like a red ring that is clear in the center (integumentary system)

Pressure injuries (aka pressure sores, pressure ulcers, decubitus ulcers, bed sores)

a skin injury due to lack of blood flow resulting from unrelieved pressure (integumentary system)

Shingles

red, painful, itchy rash with fluid filled blisters caused by the Varicella Zoster virus (integumentary system)

Abductor (abduction) wedge (pillow)

a device that keeps the resident’s legs properly aligned to support the hip joint (musculoskeletal system)

Amputations

the removal of body parts by surgery, most often, all or part of an upper or lower extremity (musculoskeletal system)

Arthritis

inflammation and swelling of joints that causes pain and a decrease in mobility (musculoskeletal system)

Bursitis

inflammation of bursae (fluid filled sacs that provide cushion in the joints) that causes pain ad limited range of motion (musculoskeletal system)

Contractures

a permanent shortening/contracting of muscles (musculoskeletal system)

Foot drop

a type of contracture; resident is unable to lift the top part of the foot (musculoskeletal system)

Foot board

a device used to prevent foot drop that can be attached to the foot of the bed to keep the feet properly positioned

Fractures

broken bones that can occur due to falls or other accidents (musculoskeletal system)

Osteoarthritis (OA)

arthritis resulting from wear and tear of the joints (musculoskeletal system)

Osteoporosis

bone loss that causes bones to be weak, porous, and brittle (musculoskeletal system)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

a type of arthritis that is an autoimmune disease resulting in the body attacking its own cells. RA can result in debilitating joint deformities, pain, and swelling (musculoskeletal system)

Tendonitis

inflammation of the tendons that causes pain where the affected tendon is located (musculoskeletal system)

Total hip replacement (THR)

surgical replacement of the hip joint due to wearing of the joint, injury, or fracture (musculoskeletal system)

Total knee replacement (TKR)

surgical replacement of the knee joint due to wearing of the joint, injury, or fracture (musculoskeletal system)

Trochanter roll

a device that is placed alongside the outside of the resident’s hips and legs to prevent the hips from rotating externally (away from the midline of the body) (musculoskeletal system)

Crohn’s disease

an inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation and damage of the intestines (gastrointestinal system)

Diverticulosis

a condition of having pouches in the large intestine called diverticula (gastrointestinal system)

gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

a condition in which stomach acid enters the esophagus (gastric reflux) causing burning in the throat (gastrointestinal system)

Peptic ulcers

sores in the stomach that can be painful (gastrointestinal system)

Ulcerative colitis

an inflammatory bowel disease that causes inflammation and sores/ulcers in the large intestine (gastrointestinal system)

Angina pectoris

chest pain, pressure, or tightness due to narrowed coronary arteries which temporarily reduces blood flow and oxygen to the heart muscle (circulatory/cardiovascular system)

Atherosclerosis

hardening of the arteries resulting from plaque accumulation inside the artery walls which narrows the pathway within the arteries causing increased blood pressure (circulatory/cardiovascular system)

Arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries which decreases the elasticity of the artery walls and leads to an increase in blood pressure

Congestive heart failure (CHF)

a condition in which the heart does not pump effectively enough to empty completely. Blood from the heart can back up into the abdomen and lower extremities causing edema/swelling or into the lungs causing congestion and dyspnea (circulatory/cardiovascular system)

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

a condition in which narrowed coronary arteries reduces the flow of blood carrying oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle itself (circulatory/cardiovascular system)

Hypertension

an abnormally high blood pressure; 130/80 or higher (circulatory/cardiovascular system)

Myocardial infarction (MI) (aka heart attack)

a condition in which a coronary artery is blocked, preventing any oxygen or nutrients to the heart muscle past the blockage which results in the affected heart muscle to die (circulatory/cardiovascular system)

Pericardium/pericardial sac

a protective membrane that surrounds the heart (circulatory/cardiovascular system)

Peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

poor circulation/blood flow that affects blood vessels outside of the heart but most commonly affects the legs and feet

Asthma

a chronic condition involving narrowing of the airways that causes symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath (respiratory system)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

a chronic condition for which there is no cure, gets worse over time, and is most common in smokers. COPD includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema (respiratory system)

Chronic bronchitis

continual inflammation of the lining of the bronchi (respiratory system)

Emphysema

a chronic condition that affects the bronchioles (smaller airways that branch off of the bronchi) and alveoli (air sacs that branch off the bronchioles where oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange takes place). Alveoli lose elasticity which interferes with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (respiratory system)

Influenza

a contagious viral infection as known as “the flu” that causes symptoms such as fever, chills, cough, sore throat, runny/stuffy nose, body aches, and fatigue

Tuberculosis (TB)

a contagious infection caused by bacteria that affects the lungs but may affect other organs (respiratory system)

Anuria

absence of urination (urinary system)

Chronic renal failure (kidney failure)

a condition where the kidneys are unable to remove waste products from the blood/body (urinary system)

Cystitis (bladder infection)

a bacterial infection of just the bladder (urinary system)

Dysuria

difficult or painful urination (urinary system)

Polyuria

excessive urination (more than 3,000 mL in 24 hours) (urinary system)

Oliguria

urinating in small amounts; not enough (less than 400 mL in 24 hours) (urinary system)

Nocturia

urinating frequently during the night (urinary system)

Urinary incontinence

a decrease in the ability to control when urine leaves the body (urinary system)

Urinary tract infection (UTI)

an infection of any part of the urinary tract (kidney, ureter, bladder, or urethra) which is caused by bacteria (urinary system)

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

a condition that occurs when blood supply to a part of the brain is blocked or a blood vessel leaks or ruptures within the brain; also called a stroke or a brain attack (nervous system)

Epilepsy

a condition that causes seizures due to abnormal electrical impulses in the brain (nervous system)

Grand mal seizures

a severe seizure that causes loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions. Loss of bowel and bladder control may also occur (nervous system)

Petit mal seizures (absence seizures)

a mild seizure that affects only a small part of the brain. The seizure may not even be noticeable and include a brief, blank stare (nervous system)

Jacksonian seizures

a mild seizure that affects a small part of the brain and consciousness is maintained (nervous system)

Parkinson’s disease

a progressive, degenerative disease of the nervous system that includes symptoms like tremors, muscles rigidity, and shuffling gait (nervous system)

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

a progressive disease in which the protective covering of nerve cells (myelin sheath) breaks down which causes nerve cells to lose the ability to function normally resulting in symptoms like numbness, impairment of speech and of muscular coordination, blurred vision, and severe fatigue (nervous system)

Prostate gland

a gland that surrounds the urethra at the base of the bladder in males that can become enlarged and interfere with the flow of urine through the urethra (reproductive system)

Cataracts

a condition resulting in a cloudiness of the lens of the eye that interferes with vision and may result in blindness (sensory system)

Glaucoma

a condition that causes increased pressure inside the eye that can result in blindness if not treated (sensory system)

Macular degeneration (MD)

a condition that causes a decrease in frontal vision that develops slowly. Residents with MD may see a dark or blurred spot in front of them, objects may appear dim, and lines may appear distorted. Peripheral vision is not affected (sensory system)

Ménière’s disease

a condition that affects the pressure of the inner ear leading to periods of severe dizziness (vertigo), ringing of the ears (tinnitus), nausea, and vomiting (sensory system)

Diabetes

a condition in which the pancreas produces too little insulin or does not properly use insulin which results in elevated blood sugar (endocrine system)

Hyperglycemia

high blood sugar (endocrine system)

Hypoglycemia

low blood sugar (endocrine system)

Polydipsia

excessive thirst (endocrine system)

Polyphagia

excessive hunger (endocrine system)