PRAXIS Art Content Knowledge (5134): Art Making and Media Processes

Flashcards in vocabulary style

Toxic Art Materials

Cadmium, lead and polyester resin

Toxic Pigments

Cadmium, lead, cobalt, manganese, Mercury

Safe disposal of oily rags

soak them in water in a metal container with a lid

Precautions when using workable fixative

Wear protective facial masks and gloves and administer the fixative in a well ventilated area or outside.

Safest setting for raku firing

outdoors

Hazards of prolonged exposure to clay dust or plaster dust

-Silicosis (shortness of breath, dry cough, emphysema, lung infections, tuberculosis) -Kaolinosis (lungs become mechanically clogged) -Asbestosis -Lung cancer -Mesothelioma -Stomach cancer -Intestinal cancer -Respiratory system problems

Vine Charcoal

thin with no binding agent allowing the material to be soft, powdery, and easily erasable

Compressed Charcoal

has a binding agent (ex. Gum or wax) and has a range of softness levels and is also harder than vine charcoal

Advantages and disadvantages of gouache

Opaque, dries to a matte finish, can be thinned with the addition of water, vibrant in color, dries quickly. Cannot be used in thick layers, if too many layers are applied to a surface, it will likely crack

Hot press illustration board

has smooth surfaces, can be stripped, and is a good surface for adhesives. Best used with pen and ink, mounting, and anything that does not require the use of excessive water.

Cold-press illustration board

is slightly textured and comes in a wide range of weights and thicknesses meant to be used with watercolor, gouache, acrylic, pen and ink, and tempura.

Burin

A pointed tool used for engraving or incising.

Brayer

A small, hand-held rubber roller used to spread printing ink evenly on a surface before printing.

Drawing Mediums

Can leave a mark made of small matter, can be rubbed or blended by smudging. A wet medium uses pigment in liquid, perhaps water or alcohol, requires a tool like a pen or a brush.

Painting Mediums

use pigments in a liquid or viscous (thick and gel-like) binder that allows them to be used or spread with a brush.

Major printmaking processes

etching, screen printing, lithography, Monotype, Relief, and Intaglio

Etching

an intaglio printmaking technique in which a metal plate is covered with an acid-resistant ground and worked with an etching needle to create an image.

Engraving

Art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints

Screenprinting

a technique in which stencils are applied to fabric stretched across a frame and paint or ink is forced through the unblocked portions of the screen onto paper or another surface beneath

Lithography

the process of printing from a flat surface treated so as to repel the ink except where it is required for printing.

Monotype

One of a kind print made from painted or inked surface.

Relief printing

printmaking techniques in which the image is printed from the raised areas of the printmaking block (woodcut, metal, linoleum, cardboard)

Intaglio

Any printing process in which the ink sits below the surface of the plate (engraving, etching, drypoint, and mezzotint)

Drypoint

An intaglio printmaking technique in which the design is scratched directly into a metal plate with a sharp, pointed, tool that is held like a pen.

Mezzotint

an intaglio printmaking process based on roughening the entire printing plate to accept ink; the artist smooths non-image areas

Media to experiment with for value in drawings

An artist could use a different grade of graphite pencil, ink, charcoal, chalk pastels, or oil pastels when experimenting with value in a drawing

Why canvas is generally primed

Creates a smooth, even surface for paint to be applied. It allows the pigments to remain vibrant over time, and helps prevent long term damage

Differences between watercolor and oil paint

• Oil paint: remains wet longer, allowing to be re-worked on the surface and blend colors if desired. Can offer many different consistencies, allowing the artist to control the paint; applied thickly and opaquely or thinly and transparently. Have the ability to add real surface texture by building up and re-working the paint on the surface. - Watercolor paint: made of pigments suspended in a water-based solution. When used on surface, they usually appear translucent and luminous because the pigments have fewer fillers to obscure the colors, allowing the watercolor to be applied in a "pure" form.

Aperture

Controls and adjusts the depth of field along with the amount of light exposure entering the lens.

Functions of filters in Adobe Photoshop

Can apply different visual effects to your images.You can use to stylize, accentuate certain areas, and structurally modify your image.

Difference between raster and vector formats

Vector formats are made of hundreds of thousands tiny lines and curves in creating an image. Raster formats are composed of pixels.

Kilobytes in a megabyte

1000 kilobytes = 1 Megabyte

Megabytes in a gigabyte

1000 Megabytes = 1 Gigabyte

PPI

pixels per inch refers to the number of pixels per inch in the image, it affects the print size and quality.

DPI

dots per inch refers to the printer, which colors (dots) need to be printed, and where to create the image to be printed.

Why installations are classified with time-based media

Installations are only viewed during the duration of time they are being exhibited. They only exist when they are installed.

How wood can be used to create an additive, subtractive, or assembled work

Through the process of Relief

Earthenware

Has the lowest firing temperature and is relatively porous and soft (Cone 018-3) It is most commonly found in nature, has a low shrink factor, is leaky and tends to stain easily good for creating raw materials, such as bricks and tiles

Stoneware

Fires higher than earthenware (Cone 3-11) After firing, it exhibits stone-like characteristics, its bonds will win glazes and it's leak-proof Is easily manipulated on the wheel vs earthenware

Porcelain

Typically fired at a temperature in between that of earthenware and stoneware (Cone 04-9) very smooth in texture, can be manipulated to be very thin, has low plasticity and cracks rather easily Can achieve thin, delicate forms when handled properly.

Maquette

A small scale model or "rough draft. " Allows the artist to work through the process on a smaller scale in order to work out and address any possible problems before moving on the full scale of the project.

Coil Building

making pottery by creating snake-like ropes of clay to build up the piece may be smoothed together or left as is, depending on the type of texture trying to be achieved.

Slab Building

hand-building technique that involves shaping clay into a broad, flat, thick piece Once the artist has decided the dimensions of the vessel being created, use a feddling knife and a ruler to carve and cut out the desire shapes and a base for the vessel.

Pinch Pots

a process whereby an artist forms a pot by pinching the clay to create a center opening With this technique, no assemblage is required but may be used to add to the piece.

Steps in creating a hollow cast bronze sculpture

1: create mold using wax, add wax sprue 2: cover wax mold and sprue with clay mold 3: fire mold, allowing wax to melt out of sprue 4: insert fired, clay mold into large sand pit situated upright, using sand for support 5: heat bronze 6: pour melted bronze into mold until visible at rim 7: allow to cool completely, chip away are fired clay mold to reveal bronze sculpture

Advantages of casting

Practically any material can be casted. Ideal method is by producing small quantities. Due to small cooling rate from all directions, the properties of casting are same in all directions. Any size of casting can be produced up to 200 tons. Often the cheapest and most direct way of producing a shape with certain desired mechanical properties.

Additive sculpture

materials are built up to create the sculpture's form. Objects are "modeled", "assembled", or "constructed" to create a sculpture. Common in Found Object sculptures.

Subtractive sculpture

the artist starts with a larger piece of material and removes some of it until only the desired form remains. Object is "carved" . Common in woodcarving and stone carving. Most technically difficult, and most restrictive in natural expression.

How workspace and tools affect sculptural material decisions

They allow the artist to know what is possible and what is unrealistic. Before beginning, the artist should create a maquette of their sculptural piece and think about the different processes that could be used to complete their piece.

Materials used to make paper

Cellulose, pulp from wood, rags, grasses or papyrus

Weaving

Interweaving a weft or faux hair with natural hair

The weft

the horizontal threads interlaced through the warp in a woven fabric

The warp

The lengthwise threads. Held stationary on a loom while the weft is passed back and forth between them

Shuttle

Used to move the weft thread/fabric through warp thread/fabric neatly.

Influence of mat or frame on perception of art

Using different colors or shades of mattes and frames can alter the way viewers see the artwork. Artwork tends to look completed when matted or framed.

Wet mounting

a permanent mounting process that uses liquid glue as the adhesive

Dry mounting

A method of mounting prints on cardboard by means of heat and a tissue impregnated with shellac.

Advantages and disadvantages of wet mounting

Air bubbles can be trapped, freshly prepared, inexpensive to make, don't last as long

Advantages and disadvantages of dry mounting

Easier, faster, and more versatile than wet mounting. Used with photos, posters, or water-sensitive work. Removes tiny wrinkles and creases is virtually irreversible

Ways of displaying 3D sculptures

Place in the center of a room. Allows viewers to walk around the piece, viewing different vantage points and see the piece in its entirety.

Benefit of lighting to the exhibition of artwork

Can help highlight the piece and allow viewers to better see details.

Depth of field

The distance between the nearest and farthest object in an image.

Exposure

The amount of light that enters the lens and strikes the film.

Aperture

The opening of a camera lens.

Collagraph

An image built up from glue and other materials, like a collage.

Greenware

unfired pottery or sculpture

Glazing

Process of applying to bisqued pottery.

Tusche

A greasy black ink used for lithographs.

Soldering

A process where two pieces of metal are joined by melting and flowing a filler metal into the joint.

Bisque

Pottery that has been fired but not yet glazed.

Brazing

Joining two metals, like soldering, but the filler metal has a higher melting point.

Welding

Joining metals by fusing them together under direct heat.

Embossing

To carve, mold, or stamp a design on (a surface) so that it stands out in relief.

Monotype Printmaking

A one of a kind print made by painting on smooth metal creating a texture.

Offset Printing

A commonly used commercial printing technique in which an image is transferred or "offset" to a rubber roller before it is printed on paper.

Serigraphy

A stencil method of printmaking where an image is painted onto a screen of silk, then ink is forced through the mesh into printing surface (paper, cloth, etc)

Firsket

A material used to stop paper from absorbing in water based painting.

Scumbling

Technique that involves brushing paint over a dried layer of paint to the dry layer shows through.

Cloisonne

Metalwork where fine metal wire separates colors on an enamel surface.

Painterly

Use of paint in a loose, gestural way.

Tenebrism

Where forms emerge from a dark background into strong light - a spotlight in a theater.

Vehicle

Liquid based thinner that helps dissolve paint and helps it flow - oils, turpentine, water, etc.

Rayograph

Also called photogram, image created by placing objects on light sensitive paper and exposing it to light.

Montage

The film editing technique of combining many brief shots to represent a single subject.

Armature

Inner support for a sculpture.

Aquatint

Etching process to obtain shaded areas in black, white or color prints.

Achromatic

Black, white, and grey.

Vanishing point

The point where all parallel lines recede.

Wedging

Similar to kneading dough, process to remove air bubbles from clay.

Scoring

Incising shallow lines into the surface of clay before joining two pieces of clay.

Insulating firebrick

Porous firebrick with higher insulating values than softbrick.

Hardbrick

Hard, dense firebrick generally used in high stress areas of a kiln.

Kinetic art

Sculpture with movable parts.

Hybridity

A movement where artists work with emerging technologies and sciences.

Bracketing

Process of shooting the same image using the same lighting, but with different exposures.

"CL" label

Stands for cautionary label and means not recommended for use with children under 12.